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The effects of bismuth additions in the range 0.006-0.086 wt.% on the metallurgical and electrochemical properties of Pb-1.5 wt.% Sb alloy are investigated. The self-discharge behaviour of batteries produced with grids of the doped alloys is also evaluated. Addition of bismuth is found to exert no significant effects on the age-hardening behaviour, general microstructure or grain size of the alloy...
Cast lead-calcium alloys have been generally employed in valve-regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries since they appeared in the early 1970s. Some minor elements such as aluminium, silver, bismuth and some alkaline earth metals are also added to lead-calcium alloys to improve the alloy properties and the battery performance. A convenient method for the addition of aluminium into the alloy, compared...
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