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Previous studies have suggested that recovery or compensation of language function after a lesion in the left hemisphere may depend on mechanisms in the right hemisphere. However, a direct relationship between performance and right hemisphere activity has not been established. Here, we show that patients with left frontal lesions and partially recovered aphasia learn, at a normal rate, a novel word...
The descending (corticofugal) auditory system adjusts and improves auditory signal processing in the subcortical auditory nuclei. The auditory cortex and corticofugal system evoke small, short-term changes of the subcortical auditory nuclei in response to a sound repetitively delivered to an animal. These changes are specific to the parameters characterizing the sound. When the sound becomes significant...
Single photon responses were compared in wild-type and transgenic retinal rods with and without guanylate cyclase activating protein (GCAP) to disrupt Ca2+-dependent feedback regulation of guanylate cyclase (see Burns et al. in this issue of Neuron). The results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying phototransduction.
The “feeling-of-knowing” (FOK) is a subjective sense of knowing a word before recalling it, and the FOK provides us clues to understanding the mechanisms of human metamemory systems. We investigated neural correlates for the FOK based on the recall-judgment-recognition paradigm. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging with a parametric analysis was used. We found activations in left dorsolateral,...
Regulation of synaptic strength is essential for neuronal information processing, but the molecular mechanisms that control changes in neuroexocytosis are only partially known. Here we show that the putative G protein-coupled receptor Methuselah (Mth) is required in the presynaptic motor neuron to acutely upregulate neurotransmitter exocytosis at larval Drosophila NMJs. Mutations in the mth gene reduce...
The first step toward light perception is 11-cis to all-trans photoisomerization of the retinaldehyde chromophore in a rod or cone opsin-pigment molecule. Light sensitivity of the opsin pigment is restored through a multistep pathway called the visual cycle, which effects all-trans to 11-cis re-isomerization of the retinoid chromophore. The maximum throughput of the known visual cycle, however, is...
Sustained vision requires continuous regeneration of visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptors by the 11-cis-retinal chromophore. In this issue of Neuron, Mata et al. report a novel enzymatic pathway uniquely designed to keep up with the high demand for cone pigment regeneration in bright light and to preclude rods from utilizing chromophore produced in daylight, when rods are not very useful...
A series of recent papers highlight a prominent role for ubiquitin in the formation and function of neural circuits. These new results focus attention on the molecular remodeling that occurs at various decision points in the life of growth cones and synapses.
We examined whether Gbx2 is required after embryonic day 9 (E9) to repress Otx2 in the cerebellar anlage and position the midbrain/hindbrain organizer. In contrast to Gbx2 null mutants, mice lacking Gbx2 in rhombomere 1 (r1) after E9 (Gbx2-CKO) are viable and develop a cerebellum. A Gbx2-independent pathway can repress Otx2 in r1 after E9. Mid/hindbrain organizer gene expression, however, continues...
When a different pattern is presented to each eye, the perceived image spontaneously alternates between the two patterns (binocular rivalry); the dynamics of these bistable alternations are known to be stochastic. Examining multistable binocular rivalry (involving four dominant percepts), we demonstrated path dependence and on-line adaptation, which were equivalent whether perceived patterns were...
Peripheral nerve transection results in the rapid death by apoptosis of neonatal but not adult sensory and motor neurons. We show that this is due to induction and phosphorylation in all adult axotomized neurons of the small heat shock protein Hsp27 and the failure of such induction in most neonatal neurons. In vivo delivery of human Hsp27 but not a nonphosphorylatable mutant prevents neonatal rat...
Which one of the many regions of the anatomically heterogeneous prefrontal cortex is part of the critical core of the neural circuit for encoding? This positron emission tomography (PET) experiment measured changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normal human participants during the presentation of abstract visual information in four conditions that varied in their encoding demands. As encoding increased...
In retinal rods, Ca2+ exerts negative feedback control on cGMP synthesis by guanylate cyclase (GC). This feedback loop was disrupted in mouse rods lacking guanylate cyclase activating proteins GCAP1 and GCAP2 (GCAPs−/−). Comparison of the behavior of wild-type and GCAPs−/− rods allowed us to investigate the role of the feedback loop in normal rod function. We have found that regulation of GC is apparently...
The TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, BDNF, have an essential role in certain forms of synaptic plasticity. However, the downstream pathways required to mediate these functions are unknown. We have studied mice with a targeted mutation in either the Shc or the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) docking sites of TrkB (trkBSHC/SHC and trkBPLC/PLC mice). We found that hippocampal long-term potentiation...
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels comprise four subunits and are activated by the direct binding of cyclic nucleotide to an intracellular domain on each subunit. This ligand binding domain is thought to contain a β roll followed by two α helices, designated the B and C helices. To examine the quaternary structure of CNG channels and how it changes during ion channel gating, we introduced single...
Peripheral inflammation induces p38 MAPK activation in the soma of C fiber nociceptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after 24 hr. Inflammation also increases protein, but not mRNA levels, of the heat-gated ion channel TRPV1 (VR1) in these cells, which is then transported to peripheral but not central C fiber terminals. Inhibiting p38 activation in the DRG reduces the increase in TRPV1 in the DRG...
The number of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is, across primate species, related to the number of neurons in the visual thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]) by a power law with an exponent of 3/2. This evolutionary scaling law is explained by a simple relation according to which the fineness of resolution in cortex is related to the number of neurons in the area of cortex used...
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