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Successful bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer is associated with proper induction of T helper (Th)1 immunity. Unfortunately, 30% to 40% of bladder tumors never respond to BCG. We sought evidence of antagonistic Th2 chemokine production by bladder tumors as a potential cause of BCG nonresponsiveness. Expression of interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10), a Th1 chemokine,...
We discuss the role of apoptosis, that is gene directed self-destruction of a cell, in the response of bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells to chemotherapy. A directed MEDLINE literature search of apoptosis, bladder cancer and chemotherapy was performed to extract relevant information for review. The characteristics of apoptotic cells were defined and the methods in common use to detect these...
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