In this study, four dual-chambered microbial fuel cells (MFC1-4) were constructed and filled with different ratios of mature fine tailings and oil sands process-affected water to test the feasibility of MFCs to simultaneously generate electricity and treat oil sands tailings. After 800h of operation, the maximum voltage was observed in MFC4 at 0.726V with 1.2kΩ external resistance loaded. The maximum power density reached 392±15mW/m 2 during the 1700h of MFC4 operation. With continuous electricity generation, MFC4 removed 27.8% of the total COD, 81.8% of the soluble COD and 32.9% of the total acid extractable organics. Moreover, effective removal of eight heavy metals, includes 97.8% of 78 Se, 96.8% of Ba, 94.7% of 88 Sr, 81.3% for 66 Zn, 77.1% of 95 Mo, 66.9% of 63 Cu, 44.9% of 53 Cr and 32.5% of Pb, was achieved.