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We estimated the effect of pertussis vaccination on reducing transmission from vaccinated breakthrough cases from a comprehensive follow-up of a community of 30,000 residents in Niakhar, Senegal. Using a wide spectrum of case definitions, vaccine efficacy was estimated as 1 - the ratio of secondary attack rates (SAR) in all households with cases during the calendar year 1993, a pertussis epidemic...
Mice (BALB/c) were intranasally (IN) and intragastrically (IG) administered the ETEC colonization factors (CF), CFA/I and CS6, with and without the R192G mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (mLT), and immunogenicity and efficacy measured. The IN administration of CFA/I to mice induced strong serum and fecal IgG and IgA responses. The IG administration of CFA/I to mice induced serum IgG and fecal IgA responses,...
Once an effective HIV vaccine is discovered, a major challenge will be to ensure its world wide access. A preventive vaccine with low or moderate efficacy (30-50%) could be a valuable prevention tool, especially if targeted to populations at higher risk of HIV infection. High efficacy vaccines (80-90%) could be used in larger segments of the population.Estimated ''needs'' for future HIV vaccines were...
In this study we evaluated the efficacy of DNA vaccination of IFN-γ knockout (GKO) mice against Listeria monocytogenes, as these immunodeficient mice are highly susceptible to infection with low numbers of this intracellular bacterial pathogen. Following intramuscular immunization of BALB/c GKO mice with plasmid DNA constructs encoding recombinant forms of the L. monocytogenes hemolysin, listeriolysin...
Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of a commercial foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in pigs born to well-vaccinated sows at various ages with a single injection under field conditions. The first experiment showed that single dose vaccination of pigs could be conducted at an age younger than 10 weeks. Second experiment demonstrated that pigs vaccinated once at the age of...
A porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) designated DR13 was isolated in Vero cells and serially passaged by level 100. The virus was titrated at regular intervals of the passage level. Open reading frame (ORF) 3 sequences of the virus at passage levels 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 were aligned and compared using a computer software program. Suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)...
A commercially prepared oil-adjuvanted, inactivated vaccine containing antigens of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes New Jersey (NJ) and Indiana 1 (IND1) was administered to calves to determine its ability to induce protective immunity. Weekly serological studies were conducted. The 12 calves in Group I were vaccinated once and challenge inoculated with VSV New Jersey 28 days later. Two calves...
Introduction: Trivalent, intranasal, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is safe and clinically effective in healthy, working adults. However, the potential economic benefits of vaccinating this population are still uncertain. We therefore conducted a cost benefit analysis of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults utilizing clinical outcome data from a trial of LAIV in healthy...
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) accounts for about one-third of purulent otitis media (OM) in children and is a common cause of pulmonary infection in adults with decreased resistance. Based upon sero-epidemiological data in humans and immunochemical data in laboratory animals, a lipooligosaccharide (LOS)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate was prepared and evaluated for its safety and immunogenicity...
We have developed a cell culture-derived, inactivated vaccine against Hantaan virus for prevention of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Hantaan virus was purified from a microcarrier culture of Vero E6 cells by ultrafiltration and density gradient centrifugation. Viral infection was inactivated by treatment of the viral stock with formaldehyde. Immunogenic properties of the vaccine...
A large number of studies demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), particularly in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of lipid-based delivery systems to enhance the adjuvant effect of CpG-ODN and protect against infection in a porcine pleuropneumonia model. Increased levels of OmlA-specific antibody were detected in animals immunised with OmlA and...
A correlation between adjuvant activity and amphipathic structure of saponin was first demonstrated on an experimental basis using structurally consecutive analogues. To clarify the physicochemical factors regulating the adjuvanticity of saponin, we compared the profile of the antibody response against chicken ovalbumin (OVA) in mice and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of eight purified soyasaponins...
The control of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by vaccination will require immunization with multiple parasite antigens effectively formulated in combination. In this regard, proteins expressed on the surface of blood-stage merozoites are attractive as vaccine targets given their functional importance in the invasion of erythrocytes and accessibility to serum antibodies. We have utilized a Plasmodium...
A dengue 2 plasmid DNA vaccine (pD2) expressing the pre-membrane and envelope proteins (preM-E) was modified by replacing the dengue transmembrane and cytoplasmic sequences with those of the mouse lysosome-associated membrane protein (pD2/LAMP). Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of human 293, NIH 3T3, and macrophage IC21 cell lines transfected with pD2/LAMP showed that the preM-E/LAMP protein...
Immunizing mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against β-amyloid (Aβ) leads to a decrease in cerebral Aβ burden as well as an improvement in behavioral deficits. Circulating Aβ-antibodies may be responsible for interfering with Aβ deposition. In the present study, we attempted to initiate more robust antibody production in wild type (WT) mice. Three immunization strategies were examined: intranasal...
A series of phase I clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara malaria vaccines. The vaccines each encoded a polyepitope string fused to whole Plasmodium falciparum TRAP antigen. Forty-three healthy adult volunteers received the vaccines alone or in DNA/MVA prime-boost combinations. The DNA vaccine was administered either intramuscularly...
Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of two lots of a heptavalent Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine (PCV) containing seven capsular polysaccharide serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) conjugated to the outer membrane complex of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (OMPC) and administered to infants at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age. Methods: One hundred twenty infants...
A carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-based DNA vaccine, adsorbed onto cationic microparticles of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) induced tumor-protective immunity against a lethal challenge of MC38-CEA colon carcinoma cells in CEA-transgenic mice that was more potent than that of the corresponding naked DNA vaccine. Boosting with a plasmid encoding murine GM-CSF increased the vaccine's efficacy leading...
A successful recombinant vaccine against Anaplasma marginale remains elusive, despite intensive study of the protective, though variable major surface antigens. As an alternative approach to the discovery of additional antigens, crude parasite material was subjected to conventional protein fractionation, coupled with vaccination and parasite challenge trials, without making assumptions as to the nature...
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