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Human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) cause respiratory infections globally. There is no safe and efficient HAdV-3 vaccine thus far. In this report, a replication-defective human adenovirus type 3 was constructed by deletion of the whole E1 gene. A HEp-2 cell-based cell line designated HEp-2/E1 was generated and was shown to complement the function of E1 deleted mutant. A partial genome (9.5–100mu) of...
We have previously described DNA vaccine candidates against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that were immunogenic in mice. Present study was conducted to evaluate their immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and compare it with the commercial mouse brain-derived, formalin-inactivated vaccine. Groups of four monkeys were immunized with either pMEa (expressing the anchored form of the envelope...
Vaccines containing aluminum salt adjuvants are prone to inactivation following exposure to freeze–thaw stress. Many are also prone to inactivation by heat. Thus, for maximum potency, these vaccines must be maintained at temperatures between 2°C and 8°C which requires the use of the cold chain. Nevertheless, the cold chain is not infallible. Vaccines are subject to freezing during both transport and...
The mechanisms of protection elicited by smallpox vaccine in humans have not been delineated. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent of professional antigen presenting cells which on activation modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunogenic proteins of vaccinia virus have been identified with protein microarray technology. We have investigated the effect of three most immunogenic...
Sixty-five HIV-infected patients received high-dose (40μg), short interval HBV vaccine. In non-responders to the initial immunization, 1–3 boosters were administered. Rate of response was 60.0% after primary vaccination, and 89.2% after boosters. However, 12 and 24 months after the last vaccination, only 63% and 32.7% of the responders, respectively, had persistence of protective anti-HBs titers (≥10IU/L)...
The study evaluated and compared the prevalence of anti-HBs and exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vaccinated South African babies aged between 5 and 24 months from the Expanded Programme on Immunisation clinic [EPI group] and paediatric outpatient clinic [OPD group], and results were stratified by HIV status. A total of 303 (243 EPI group and 60 OPD group) babies were studied. All sera were tested...
An antigen delivery system based on subviral particles formed by the self-assembly of the capsid protein of infectious bursal disease virus and carrying foreign peptides at the top of the projection domain was investigated. We report here the effective insertion of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) immunodominant epitope in one of the four external loops of the subviral particles. Out of the...
Advances towards protective vaccines against malaria were made feasible by the development of a rodent model of mammalian malaria that allowed production of all stages of the malaria parasite for study. Investigations with sporozoites (the stage transmitted by mosquitoes in their saliva) demonstrated that immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites could produce a solid, sterile immunity, first...
The protective efficacy of four recombinant antigens (85A, 85B, superoxide dismutase [SOD], and a fusion polypeptide [Map74F]) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) along with the adjuvant dimethydioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) was assessed in a goat challenge model. Animals were immunized with the four antigens with adjuvant DDA (Group I, eight goat kids) or without the adjuvant...
This article reports on qualitative research investigating key challenges and barriers towards human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 50 in-depth interviews and 6 focus groups were conducted at policy, health service and community levels of enquiry. Respondents expressed overall support for the HPV vaccine, underscored by difficulties...
Despite the lack of effective vaccines against parasitic diseases, the prospects of developing a vaccine against leishmaniasis are still high. With this objective, we have tested four DNA based candidate vaccines encoding to immunodominant leishmania antigens (LACKp24, TSA, LmSTI1 and CPa). These candidates have been previously reported as capable of eliciting at least partial protections in the BALB/c...
Brucella spp. lumazine synthase (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. It has been previously evaluated as a carrier to increase the immunogenicity of peptides fused to its N-termini. VP8 is a sialic acid binding domain of rotavirus external capsid protein VP4, which is involved in virus adhesion to host cells. In this work, the C486 bovine rotavirus (BRV) VP8 core protein (VP8d) was fused...
Despite many intervention programmes aimed at curtailing the scourge, malaria remains a formidable problem of human health. Immunity to asexual blood-stage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is thought to be associated with protective antibodies of certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. We have analysed immunoglobulin G profiles to six leading blood-stage antigens in relation to clinical malaria...
The etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is unknown. In Norway, a vaccine against Neisseria meningitides group B was administered to teenagers in 1988–1989 in a protection trial. In order to estimate the relative risk of CFS/ME according to vaccine history, we conducted a case–control study in 2007, with 201 cases diagnosed at one of two hospitals and 389 controls...
Pneumonic plague remains problematic in endemic areas, and because it can be readily transmitted and has high mortality, the development of efficacious vaccines is warranted. To test whether stimulation of cell-mediated immunity with IL-12 will improve protective immunity against plague, we constructed two IL-12 DNA vaccines using a bicistronic plasmid encoding the protective plague epitopes, capsular...
A key method of reducing morbidity and mortality is childhood immunization, yet in 2003 only 69% of Filipino children received all suggested vaccinations. Data from the 2003 Philippines Demographic Health Survey were used to identify risk factors for non- and partial-immunization. Results of the multinomial logistic regression analyses indicate that mothers who have less education, and who have not...
Effective vaccination campaigns need to reach a sufficient percentage of the population to eliminate disease and prevent future outbreaks, which for rabies is predicted to be 70%, at a cost that is economically and logistically sustainable. Domestic dog rabies has been increasing across most of sub-Saharan Africa indicating that dog vaccination programmes to date have been inadequate. We compare the...
The potent IFN-γ inducing fusion antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 (85B6) is a lead subunit candidate to improve current vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The recombinant M. bovis BCG strain Myc3504 was constructed to secrete 85B6. It was based on commercial BCG strain Moreau Rio de Janeiro (BCG MoWT ) which remains available for human oral administration. Myc 3504 induced higher levels...
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