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WHO is now celebrating more than 30 years of freedom from smallpox. What was originally seen as a victory over an ancient scourge can now be viewed as an epidemiologically driven programme to overcome governmental inertia and under-achievement in delivering an off-patent vaccine. Though efforts are accelerating global vaccine use, a plea is made to push the world's governments to commit to universal...
Replication-defective adenoviruses have been utilized as candidate HIV vaccine vectors. Few studies have described the international epidemiology of pre-existing immunity to adenoviruses. We enrolled 1904 participants in a cross-sectional serological survey at seven sites in Africa, Brazil, and Thailand to assess neutralizing antibodies (NA) for adenovirus types Ad5, Ad6, Ad26 and Ad36. Clinical trial...
Despite the extensive success with the introduction of M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global epidemic infecting between 8 and 9 million people annually with an estimated 1.7 million deaths each year. However, because of its demonstrated effectiveness against some of the most severe forms of childhood TB, it is now realized that BCG vaccination of newborns...
A recombinant fusion protein composed of Yersinia pestis fraction 1 capsule (F1) and virulence-associated V antigen (V) (F1–V) has been developed as the next-generation vaccine against plague. In this study, female Swiss Webster mice received a single intramuscular vaccination with one of eight doses of the F1–V vaccine and exposed 4 weeks later to either Y. pestis CO92 or C12 organisms by the subcutaneous...
B cell responses after immunization with a drifted H5 influenza/A/Vietnam/1203/04 vaccine were characterized in the peripheral blood of human subjects primed with experimental recombinant H5 influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97 vaccine. Antibody secreting cells were assayed by ELISPOT against a panel of recombinant hemagglutinin and control proteins. Increased frequencies of H5 HA-specific antibody secreting...
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has caused mass mortality in many species of cultured fish at larval stage. Strong evidence of vertical transmission of NNV has been reported in the carrier broodstock of striped jack and sea bass. An effective immunization program was developed and monitored in adult groupers (Epinephelus coioides) with average body weight of 1.35kg. The highest neutralizing antibody...
Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem. Worldwide three different levels of hepatitis B endemicity (high, intermediate and low) can be distinguished. Areas with different levels of endemicity require tailored vaccination strategies to fit the needs for individuals at risk and/or countries, depending on the infection risk per age group, vaccination rate, duration of protection after vaccination,...
We recently developed a gamma-irradiation method to inactivate V3526, a live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidate. Dosage and schedule studies were conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 (gV3526). Subcutaneous (SC) and low dosage intramuscular (IM) administration of gV3526 were highly effective in protecting mice against...
Vaccination is commonly used to control equine respiratory pathogens such as equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a recombinant EHV-1 modified live virus vaccine (MLV) based on a recent abortogenic EHV-1 strain, NY03. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the MLV was tested in horses in an EHV-1 vaccination/challenge...
A Phase I interventional Clinical Trial was performed with a potential tuberculosis vaccine, based on detoxified cellular fragments of M. tuberculosis, named RUTI ® . The objective was to evaluate the safety profile and T-cell immune responses over a 6-month period following subcutaneous inoculation. The double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial was conducted in healthy volunteers,...
Circulating HIV-1 Tat protein is essential for maintenance of the chronic HIV replication that predicates both HIV transmission and clinical progression to AIDS/death. A synthetic anti-Tat epitope vaccine (TUTI-16) was designed to induce neutralizing antibodies to Tat and, hopefully, provide immunological control of HIV replication. TUTI-16 is composed of (1) a conserved Tat B cell epitope (Tat 4–12),...
To create a new, safe brucellosis live vaccine, a double mutant strain was constructed from Brucella abortus 2308. Using the ΔznuA B. abortus 2308 mutant, a second mutation was introduced by deleting purE gene. The ΔznuA ΔpurE B. abortus 2308 strain was less capable of surviving in macrophages. When evaluated in vivo, it was cleared within 8 weeks (wks) from mice, causing significantly less inflammation...
The F 0 F 1 ATPase plays a central role in both the generation of ATP and the utilisation of ATP for cellular processes such as rotation of bacterial flagella. We have deleted the entire operon encoding the F 0 F 1 ATPase, as well as genes encoding individual F 0 or F 1 subunits, in Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium. These mutants were attenuated...
PCV7 use in the U.S. has led to notable decreases in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We examined PCV7 influence on IPD mortality for all age groups using National Multiple-Cause-of-Death data (1990–2005). Age-specific mortality rates were compared before and after PCV7 use. Average decreases in age-adjusted mortality rates for meningitis and septicemia accelerated post-PCV7, the greatest decline...
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen of worldwide importance. It is estimated that 460,000 human infections occur in the United Kingdom per annum and these involve acute enteritis and may be complicated by severe systemic sequelae. Such infections are frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and strategies to control C. jejuni in poultry are expected...
Marek's disease virus (MDV) oncogene meq has been identified as the gene involved in tumorigenesis in chickens. We have recently developed a Meq-null virus, rMd5ΔMeq, in which the oncogene meq was deleted. Vaccine efficacy experiments conducted in Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL) 15I 5 ×7 1 chickens vaccinated with rMd5ΔMeq virus or an ADOL preparation of CVI988/Rispens...
Clinical and preclinical data indicate that immunotherapeutic interventions could induce immune responses capable of controlling or retard the tumor growth. However, immunotherapies need to be further optimized. We hypothesized that a more effective strategy for tumor eradication is to directly target the tumor microenvironment in order to generate a proinflammatory response and induce a localized...
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