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Vaccine strategies that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system (OMIS), the immune barrier that protects the surface of the eye are needed. However, most vaccines fail to induce local ocular immune responses and, in the absence of adjuvant, may induce a state of immunological tolerance. In this study, we present a new vaccine strategy that consists of ocular mucosal (OM) delivery of peptide epitopes,...
The guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was used to test the immunotherapeutic activity of a glycoprotein subunit vaccine. Vaccine formulation consisted of three recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins, namely gB1s, gD2t and gE1t, plus aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH) 3 )] adjuvant. One month after viral challenge, infected animals were...
Purified Vero cell culture rabies vaccine “Abhayrab” manufactured by Human Biologicals Institute, Ooty, India was subjected for immunogenicity studies. Pre-exposure study was undertaken on 60 healthy volunteers (Group I) with vaccination on days 0, 7 and 21. A group of 75 patients of category II (Group II), 67 of category III (Group III) were given post-exposure prophylaxis and 88 patients of category...
A novel triterpenoidal saponin, called pulcherrimasaponin (CP05), isolated from the leaves of Calliandra pulcherrima Benth. shows remarkable similarities to the previously described potent adjuvant, QS21 saponin (Quillaja saponaria Molina). On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, its structure was established as [3β,16α,28[2E,6S[2E,6S(2E,6S)]]]-olean-12-en-28-oic acid 3-[[O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-16-hydroxy-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-6-O-[6-[[2-O-2,6-dimethyl-1-oxo-6-(β-d-xylopyranosyloxy)-2,7-octadienyl]-[(6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2,6-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,7-octadienyl]-β-d-xylopyranosyl]oxy]-2,6-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,7-octadienyl]-β-d-glucopyranosyl...
A vaccine vector, designated AdV-gH, was constructed by inserting the complete open reading frame of MCMV gH under control of the human CMV IE-1 promoter into the E-1 region of a replication-deficient adenovirus 5. In vitro infection of QB1-293 cells and mouse embryo cells with AdV-gH resulted in expression of MCMV gH detected by IFA. Immunization of BALB/c mice with AdV-gH (1 × 10 7 PFU)...
Group A meningococcal disease is epidemic in Sudan, less common in Uganda, a country bordering the “meningitis belt,” and rare in North America. The basis of naturally-acquired group A immunity is unknown but in North America protection has been attributed to a high prevalence of serum anticapsular antibodies elicited by cross-reacting bacteria. We measured group A anticapsular antibody concentrations...
The increasing number and density of the human population, the emergence of lethal influenza strains, and the potential use of designer influenza virus as a bioweapon, collectively highlight a critical need for more rapid production of influenza vaccines and less invasive means of delivery. We have developed a nonreplicative adenovirus-vectored influenza vaccine that can be produced without the prerequisite...
To confirm the genetic stability of the Edmonston–Zagreb vaccine strain, we determined and compared the nucleotide sequences of genuine Edmonston–Zagreb master seed (EZ D22) and current working seed lot (EZ D24 2/99). Sequence analysis and comparison of the two sequences confirmed that these two sequences are the same at the molecular level. The obtained sequences were also compared to reference strains,...
A frequent issue in vaccinology is to elicit balanced T cell responses against both immunodominant and cryptic T cell epitopes, from one or several antigens presented at the same time to the immune system. Using HLA-A2.1.1 restricted epitopes from the Melan A/MART-1 or gp 100 melanoma-associated antigens as a model, we engineered a series of constructs in the ALVAC canarypox vector system: T cell...
We used a Monte Carlo mathematical model to calculate the net economic returns (cost–benefit analysis) from annually vaccinating children against influenza. The model included cohorts of 1000 children in three different age groups (6–23 months, 6–59 months, and 5–14 years), with different proportions of children with high risk conditions (100, 10, and 0%). Vaccinating cohorts of 100% high risk children...
Paraflagellar rod proteins (PFR) are a potent immunogen against experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PFR are highly conserved among kinetoplastid parasites. We therefore evaluated the immunogenicity of the Leishmania mexicana pfr-2 gene and protein product in the hamster model of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immunization with pfr-2 DNA-induced specific antibody, confirming immunogenicity...
To determine how frequently emergency department (ED) patients are vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcus, we analyzed all adult ED vaccinations in the combined databases of the annual National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, 1992–2000. During this period, EDs gave 27,738,000 vaccinations (95%CI: 25,878,000–29,598,000). Of these, 93% (87–100%) were against tetanus. The count of pneumococcal...
Pigs were vaccinated with the emergency inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine—water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with Montanide ISA206—known to protect after 3–5 days. Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) sub-populations did not differ between vaccinates and controls post-vaccination. There was neither lymphopenia nor inflammatory reaction. FMDV-specific antibody and T lymphocyte activity...
Adult volunteers from two neighboring health centers were immunized with measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR, Serum Institute of India Ltd.), either given by traditional injections or by an aerosol delivered to the respiratory tract. Baseline and one month post vaccination samples were taken and simultaneously assayed for all three antigens. Subjects were followed-up for temporally associated events...
Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are known as most effective adjuvants to generate high and durable antibody responses to vaccine antigens following a single immunization. However, their structural requirements remain poorly understood. Here we addressed the significance of certain pharmaceutical characteristics including water/oil ratios—ranging from 60/40 to 30/70 (w/w(%))—droplet size and type of oil,...
Illicit drug use (IDU) is an important risk factor for hepatitis A, but implementing vaccination programs among drug users is difficult. During January 2001–July 2002, 403 hepatitis A cases were reported in Polk County, Florida; 48% were drug users and of these, 80% were recently in jail. To assess the county jail as a potential vaccination venue, we interviewed 280 inmates and conducted a serologic...
Behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) is the primary surveillance tool for the ongoing measurement of state-specific delivery of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. This study is the first validity assessment of self-reported pneumococcal vaccination status in a population-wide BRFSS survey. A subset of respondents to the sickness prevention achieved through regional collaboration (SPARC)...
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