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In November 1996, 11 lots of one U.S. manufacturer's 1996-97 trivalent influenza vaccine were voluntarily recalled because of decreasing potency of the A/Nanchang/933/95 (H3N2) component. Because the elderly are at high risk of developing influenza-related complications, we assessed the postvaccination antibody titers of nursing home residents who received recalled vaccine and assessed the antibody...
A recombinant porcine adenovirus (rPAV) with the gp55 (E2) gene from the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) 'Weybridge' strain inserted into the right hand end of the PAV serotype 3 (PAV3) genome was constructed. Expression of gp55 was directed by the major late promoter and tri-partite leader sequences located and cloned from PAV3. No compensatory deletions of PAV DNA sequences were made. Vaccination...
The search for vaccines to control coccidioses caused by Eimeria species in chickens (Gallus gallus) is intensifying because of the increasing threat of drug resistance to anticoccidial agents. It is important, therefore, to develop a reliable standard method for the assessment of multivalent vaccine efficacy, because many criteria generally used to judge drug efficacy are not appropriate for vaccines...
An effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is needed to stimulate the immune response of the genital mucus to prevent mucosal transmission of the virus. We have developed a macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate, VC1. Both rectal and vaginal immunization of VC1 mixed with cholera toxin (CT) induced HIV-1-specific IgA antibody in mouse fecal extract solution and vaginal...
Saliva samples of infants and children immunised with pneumococcal vaccines were analysed for anti-polysaccharide (PS) antibodies against the Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) vaccine serotypes 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F. The children received Pnc conjugate vaccine (1, 3, or 10<space>μg of PSs conjugated to diphtheria or tetanus toxoid) or placebo at 2, 4, and 6 months. At 7 months of age salivary PS...
Covalently linking protein to polysaccharides converts the anti-polysaccharide immune response from a T-cell independent response to one which is T-cell dependent. The organic cyanylating reagent 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) (Vaccine 14:190, 1996) has been used to activate polysaccharides, which can then be reacted with spacer reagents or directly with protein. We wished...
The IgG subclass profiles of anti-HBs antibodies were investigated in 30 children who had recovered from acute hepatitis B and 40 children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV) with Engerix B. After natural seroconversion the mean geometric value of anti-HBs titres was ca 41-fold lower than at the peak of response in vaccinees, and specific antibodies were highly restricted to IgG1 subclass followed...
Oral administration of antigen is known to be appropriate for some vaccine purposes as well as oral tolerance induction. In the present study, oral administration of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (d,l-PLG) microspheres induced tolerance was evaluated. A single feeding of 5 μg of encapsulated BLG tolerised BALB/c mice to subsequent BLG parenteral challenge, suppressing...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are frequently isolated pathogens from pigs with respiratory disease. A previous study conducted in our laboratory found that infection with M. hyopneumoniae increased the duration and severity of respiratory disease induced by PRRSV. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether vaccination against...
Peptidoglycan monomer, GlcNAc-MurNAc-l-Ala-d-isoGln-mesoDAP(ωNH 2 )-d-Ala-d-Ala (PGM) originating from Brevibacterium divaricatum and synthetic adamantyltripeptides, diastereoisomers of d,l-(adamant-2-yl)-Gly-l-Ala-d-isoGln (AdTP1 and AdTP2) exhibit immunomodulating activity. An experimental model in the mouse has been established with suboptimal amounts of ovalbumin (OVA) as the immunogen,...
After oral or intragastric administration of BCG to mice, comparable numbers of IFNγ and TNFγ producing cells were detected in both local (Peyer's patches) and central (spleen) lymphoid organs. Similar levels of precursors of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for mycobacterial antigens were also found in the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes. These immune responses remained high over the course...
Vaccination of chinchillas with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) lipooligosaccharide (LOS) conjugates protected against otitis media. Correlations between the levels of conjugate-induced LOS antibodies (Abs) in sera and middle ear fluids (MEFs) and Ab-mediated biological functions and protection were examined. Following parenteral vaccination and middle ear challenge, all vaccinated animals,...
The presently available meningococcal vaccine is poorly immunogenic in infants and fails to induce long-lasting immunity in adults. Efforts to convert this TI-2 type vaccine into a T dependent vaccine are being actively pursued and include conjugate vaccine development. Alternatively, the meningococcal polysaccharide can be rendered into a T dependent antigen through the use of peptides which mimic...
Preventing hepatitis B by vaccination is essential in HIV-infected patients (higher progression rate of HBV infection to chronicity, lower rate of serum HBe Ag loss). However, it has been shown a decreased anti-HBs response in these individuals after a standard vaccination (3 doses of 20<space>μg). Thus, we tested the hypothesis that doubling the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections might...
Thirty healthy HIV negative volunteers were randomised to receive 200<space>μg of rgp120 W61D in either: 3D-MPL and QS21, with an oil and water emulsion (SBAS-2) (13); or 3D-MPL and QS21 (SBAS-1) (11); or alum (six). Immunisations were given at 0, 4 and 28 weeks and 23 (77%) participants completed the schedule. Adverse events were more frequent (P<0.001) and more severe...
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