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The efficacy of several human anthrax vaccine candidates comprised of different adjuvants together with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) was evaluated in guinea pigs challenged by an aerosol of virulent B. anthracis spores. The most efficacious vaccines tested were formulated with PA plus monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in a squalenel lecithin/Tween 80 emulsion (SLT) and PA plus the saponin...
At 3-5 years of age, female recipients of Edmonston-Zagreb high-titre (EZ-HT) and Schwarz high-titre (SW-HT) measles vaccine had lower survival rates than female recipients of Schwarz standard measles vaccine (SW-STD) in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Haiti. In Senegal, the children who received high-titre vaccines have now been followed to the age of 5-7 years to determine whether the difference in...
The efficacy of the influenza vaccine is often underestimated, due to the dilution of the outcome by noninfluenzal illnesses. We thus explored the methodology to evaluate the effect of the inactivated influenza vaccine under the following strict conditions: an assessment of the effectiveness on clinical illness among healthy adults in a small-scale mixed epidemic during the 1991-1992 season. The...
A randomized, double-blind trial comparing a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) (pertussis toxoid and filamentous hemagglutinin) with a whole-cell vaccine (DTwP) was conducted. A case-contact study was nested in the trial to estimate absolute efficacy. From 1990 through 1994, 4181 children were randomized to receive one of the vaccines at 2, 4, and 6 months. Severe adverse events...
Q fever is an acute and self-limited febrile illness caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii. While phase I cellular Q fever vaccines are efficacious in humans, vaccination of immune individuals may result in sterile abscesses and granulomas. The chloroform:methanol residue vaccine (CMR) was developed as a safer alternative. The efficacy of a licensed phase I cellular vaccine...
The efficacy of an outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine in three different formulations was investigated in the rhesus monkey. The challenge infection was administered using Ixodes scapularis ticks that were infected with the B31 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi. Protection was assessed against both infection and disease, by a variety of procedures. Some of the animals were radically immune suppressed,...
The adjuvant effect of two lipophilic derivatives of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), B30-MDP and MDP-Lys(L18), on the ability of an inactivated vaccine of B-1 virus (B-1 vaccine) to induce immune response against Hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was examined. When mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) twice at 2-week intervals with B-1 vaccine admixed with or without 100...
The efficacy of recombinant Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen (rPA) produced in Bacillus subtilis and formulated in Alhydrogel or MPL-TDM-CWS (Ribi adjuvant) has been tested and compared to the licensed UK human vaccine in guinea pigs challenged by the aerosol route with the Ames strain of B. anthracis. rPA combined with the Ribi adjuvant was found to be only formulation to provide 100% protection...
Vaccine efficacies against typical pertussis after household exposure to Bordetella pertussis were estimated to be 75.4% for an acellular five-component vaccine, 42.4% for an acellular two-component vaccine, and 28.5%, for a licensed US whole cell vaccine, compared to placebo. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant correlations between clinical protection and the presence...
We evaluated if a single dose of a protective whole cell pertussis vaccine given before school entry to children primed with a less effective vaccine would increase their protection. A school cohort including 3876 students and a family cohort including 162 children were assessed. Although there was a trend toward increased protection, the better vaccine did not provide a significant improvement. These...
The search for vaccines to control coccidioses caused by Eimeria species in chickens (Gallus gallus) is intensifying because of the increasing threat of drug resistance to anticoccidial agents. It is important, therefore, to develop a reliable standard method for the assessment of multivalent vaccine efficacy, because many criteria generally used to judge drug efficacy are not appropriate for vaccines...
Over the 33-day duration of the 1999 Haj in Saudi Arabia, we collected daily health status reports for 2070 Pakistani pilgrims over 13 years of age, 54% of whom had elected to receive influenza vaccine immediately before departing for the Haj. We calculated vaccine preventable outcome incidence as the difference in attack rates between vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. The incidences of vaccine...
We estimated the protection given by one booster dose of acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) given at 18 months or before school entry to children already primed with whole cell vaccine (wP). Case-control studies were conducted in these two age groups. In children who received or were eligible to receive their 18 months booster, the risk of pertussis was 1.4 and 3.6 times higher for those with 4 and...
Helicobacter pylori vaccine development has progressed rapidly in animal models. Both H. pylori-associated pathogenesis and protective immunity are CD4 + T cell dependent, with no discernable phenotypic difference to distinguish pathogenic T cells from protective T cells. Functionally however, protective T cells promote enhanced inflammation upon H. pylori challenge. Additionally, only mouse...
Last year, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened a gathering of experts, including scientists, national regulatory authorities, industry representatives, epidemiologists and government officials from both developed and developing countries 1 1A list of participants is available in Appendix A to discuss appropriate endpoint measurements for HPV vaccine efficacy and effectiveness trials...
Sixty percent of rhesus macaques infected with virulence attenuated virus SHIV 89.6 are protected from subsequent intravaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239 [Abel K, Compton L, Rourke T, Montefiori D, Lu D, Rothaeusler K, et al. Simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6-induced protection against intravaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239 is independent of the route of immunization...
An intensive mandatory vaccination program has been underway, combating Japanese encephalitis (JE) since 1968 in Taiwan. Long-term collection of immunization records has been developed from 1967 to 2000 in this study to retrospectively assess the efficacy of the mouse-brain inactivated Nakayama JE vaccine. The vaccine efficacy (VE) of completing at least two doses of the JE vaccine was 96.98%. Among...
The efficacy of influenza vaccination is not well understood for major cause-specific mortality except pneumonia. For 10 months we followed the mortality data of 35,637 vaccinated elderly (>65 years old) in a county with 102,698 elderly in southern Taiwan. A multivariate Cox model showed that vaccination was significantly associated with lower mortality for all causes, [hazards ratio (HR)=0.56],...
A systematic comparison of the immunostimulatory capacity of TLR 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 agonists and an agonistic CD40-specific antibody was performed in a single long peptide vaccination model. All adjuvants activated DC in vitro but not all induced a strong functional T-cell response in vivo. Optimal clonal CD8+ T-cell expansion depended on the capacity of agonists to mature pro-inflammatory DC and...
WHO currently recommends three vaccinations against hepatitis B to provide optimal protection against infection and carriage. However, immunological theory and mathematical modelling suggest that similar protection could be induced with two doses, and trials among adolescents and adults have shown comparable rates for both primary seroprotection and geometric mean titres following vaccination.We determined...
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