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Despite significant advancements in modern vaccinology, inactivated whole virus vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remain the mainstay for prophylactic and emergency uses. Many efforts are currently devoted to improve the immune responses and protective efficacy of these vaccines. Adjuvants, which are often used to potentiate immune responses, provide an excellent mean to improve the efficacy...
To assess and compare direct medical costs (incurred by payers) and indirect productivity losses (incurred by employers) associated with influenza seasons with matched or mismatched circulating and vaccine containing influenza B lineages.A retrospective analysis, using two MarketScan databases, for the years 2000–2009. Each influenza season was categorized as matched or mismatched after comparing...
There are currently no vaccines or therapeutics to prevent dengue disease which ranges in severity from asymptomatic infections to life-threatening illness. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Division of Intramural Research has developed live, attenuated vaccines to each of the four dengue serotypes (DENV-1–DENV-4). Two doses (10PFU and 1000PFU) of three monovalent vaccines...
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, recently re-emerged in Africa and spread to islands in the Indian Ocean, the Indian subcontinent, and to South East Asia. Viremic travelers have also imported CHIKV to the Western hemisphere highlighting the importance of CHIKV in public health. In addition to the great burden of arthralgic disease, which can persist for months or years, epidemiologic...
We investigated the efficacy and safety of Hepatitis B vaccine (HBVac) in steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) children.41 patients with SSNS and 30 controls were vaccinated with HBVac(Engerix B ® ). Patients were divided into 3 subgroups:full dose steroid users, alternate-day steroid users and steroid non-users. Seroconversion rate was lower in steroid users than non-users at the 6th(p=0...
MF59 is a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant that has been used in a licensed seasonal influenza vaccine for 15 years. The purpose of the present studies was to directly address a question that has been asked of us on many occasions: “which is the adjuvant active component of MF59?”. Since we have recently gained a number of insights on how MF59 works as an adjuvant, we were able to use these approaches...
Since its inception in 1978, Pakistan's Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has contributed significantly towards child health and survival in Pakistan. However, the WHO-estimated immunization coverage of 88% for 3 doses of Diptheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine in Pakistan is likely an over-estimate. Many goals, such as polio, measles and neonatal tetanus elimination have not been met. Pakistan...
The multivalent vaccine BmHAT, consisting of the Brugia malayi infective larval (L3) antigens heat shock protein12.6 (HSP12.6), abundant larval transcript-2 (ALT-2) and tetraspanin large extra cellular loop (TSP-LEL), was shown to be protective in rodent models from our laboratory. We hypothesize that since these antigens were identified using protective antibodies from immune endemic normal individuals,...
Despite global efforts to control influenza viruses, they have taken a heavy toll on human public health worldwide. Among particular threats is highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus (HPAI) due to not only its high mortality in humans but also possible human-to-human transmission either through reassortment with other human influenza viruses such as 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, or by...
Vaccine potency testing is necessary to evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccine preparations before human or veterinary application. Currently, the NIH test is recommended by the WHO expert committee to evaluate RABV vaccine potency. However, numerous disadvantages are inherent concerning cost, number of animals and biosafety requirements. As such, several in vitro methods...
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