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Since the 1940s, influenza vaccines are inactivated and purified virus or virus subunit preparations (IIV) administered by the intramuscular route. Since decades, attempts have been made to construct, as an alternative, attenuated live influenza vaccines (LIV) for intranasal administration. Presently, the most successful LIV is derived from the cold-adapted master strains A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) and...
Induction of mucosal immunity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (env; gp160) glycoprotein has been demonstrated with orally administered recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vectors and poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)-encapsulated plasmid DNA expressing gp160. In this study, we investigated the effect of an oral DNA-prime/rVV-boost vaccine regimen in conjunction with adjuvants on...
We have previously shown that a V3-loop peptide from HIV-1 envelope conjugated to heat-inactivated Brucella abortus (Ba) (V3-Ba) is capable of inducing antibodies that neutralize HIV-1 and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) that kill HIV-1-infected targets, even in mice that lack CD4 + T cells. In this paper we show that intranasal (i.n.) immunization elicits neutralizing antibodies and IFNγ-secreting...
Plasmodium vivax merozoites have high preferential ability to interact with and invade reticulocytes, although these cells correspond to only 2% of the red blood cells (RBC) population. P. vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (Pv-MSP-1) is believed to have an important role in attachment and invasion process. Using 88 non-overlapping 20-mer peptides, covering the entire Pv-MSP-1 Belem strain sequence,...
Tumor vaccines are a promising alternative to chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer. To be effective and safe, a therapeutic cancer vaccine should specifically target antigens expressed only on metastatic tumor cells. A vaccine directed against the unique surface immunoglobulin or idiotype expressed on non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma fulfills these criteria, as both primary and metastatic...
The immunological response in healthy subjects to a crude leishmania antigen vaccine (Leishvacin) plus rhGM-CSF without prior Montenegro (DTH) skin testing was evaluated. Fifty-six healthy volunteers received vaccine plus either placebo or rhGM-CSF at day 0, followed by either a vaccine booster or placebo at day 21. IFN-γ and IL-5 levels were significantly enhanced by day 21. The adjuvant group had...
Bluetongue virus (BTV) produces large numbers of tubules during infection which are formed by a single virus coded non-structural protein, NS1. The NS1 protein has been fused with full length green fluorescent protein (GFP) and was shown to retain the capacity to form tubules when expressed in heterologous expression systems. Moreover, recombinant purified chimeric tubules were demonstrated to be...
Rubella antibody (IgG) has been measured in females reporting for antenatal screening using single radial haemolysis (SRH) and time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA). We have shown TRFIA to be a simple, specific, highly sensitive, quantitative assay for rubella IgG with a lower limit of detection of 0.2IU/ml. Out of 506 sera tested by SRH, 18 (3.6%) had low levels of antibody (<15IU/ml)...
A cost-effectiveness analysis of the introduction of acellular pertussis booster doses at either 4 or 15 years of age was performed. A transmission dynamic model was used to predict the level of indirect protection in those too young to be vaccinated. Multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed. In England and Wales there are an estimated 35,000 general practitioner (GP) consultations, 5500 inpatient...
The efficacy of 10 pertussis vaccines prepared from various concentrations of pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) was investigated in a murine model of respiratory infection (aerosol challenge model) and a murine intracerebral (ic) challenge model. PT was necessary as a vaccine component for protection against an ic challenge with Bordetella pertussis. FHA appeared to play an...
Porcine CD8 + lymphocytes are critical for the development of cellular immune responses to bacterial (i.e. CD8αα + ) and viral (i.e. CD8αβ + lymphocytes) pathogens. Vaccination and challenge modulate the kinetics of appearance of CD8 + cells in peripheral blood. In addition to antigen-mediated modulation, nutritional modulation can also influence cell-mediated immunity...
The efficacy of a licensed human anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, AVA) was tested in golden Syrian hamsters against a virulent Bacillus anthracis spore challenge. Groups of golden Syrian hamsters were vaccinated at either 0 and 4 weeks or 0, 4 and 8 weeks, then challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) at 10 weeks with spores of various B. anthracis isolates. Although ELISA and toxin neutralization...
The observation that the addition of deuterium oxide to tissue culture cell harvests stabilized trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine prompted us to examine the effect of deuterium oxide on stabilization of other licensed and experimental live viral vaccines. The most striking effect afforded by deuterium oxide was on stabilization of live, attenuated influenza A and B vaccine candidates grown in the...
Up to now there is no treatment for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, a disease mainly induced by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1(TSST-1). There is great demand in finding means to control the disease, one of them is the development of an effective and safe vaccine against TSST-1. In this study we constructed a series of vaccine candidates and investigated their biological activity, toxicity, and...
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was used to enhance humoral and tumor immunity resulting from DNA immunization. The genes encoding GM-CSF and antigen were cloned onto the same plasmid backbone, but separate promoters drove expression of each gene. β-Galactosidase was used as the model antigen to generate antibody responses while the human tumor antigen, MAGE-1, was used to...
Despite the Healthy People 2010 goal of a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) vaccination rate of 90% by year 2010, rates remain low and racial disparities exist. This paper systematically reviewed medical literature published between 1981 and 2000 regarding physician and patient knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pneumococcal vaccination. Among physicians the vaccine is generally...
A resurgence in infant and adult pertussis cases has been observed in many countries around 25 years after the introduction of generalised vaccination. An antigenic differences between circulating isolates and vaccinal strains, due to changes in vaccine procedures, could be due to this resurgence. In this study, we analysed the genome and antigenic expression of vaccinal strains of the Aventis Pasteur...
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA), an effective countermeasure against anthrax, is administered as six subcutaneous (SQ) doses over 18 months. To optimize the vaccination schedule and route of administration, we performed a prospective pilot study comparing the use of fewer AVA doses administered intramuscularly (IM) or SQ with the current schedule and route. We enrolled 173 volunteers, randomized to...
Replication-defective human adenoviruses type 5 (HAd5) expressing the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein gC or gD under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter/enhancer (AdCMVgC or AdCMVgD) or the 5′ regulatory region of the human desmin gene (AdDESMgC or AdDESMgD) were generated. A preliminary experiment performed on rabbits showed that the intranasal administration...
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