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In a search for new strategies to improve oral vaccination, the effect of orally administeredLactobacillus casei strain GG (LGG) in conjunction with D x RRV rhesus-human reassortant live oral rotavirus vaccine was tested in 2-5-month-old infants. Infants who received LGG showed an increased response with regard to rotavirus-specific IgM secreting cells, measured using an ELISPOT technique, on day...
Adjuvants help antigen to elicit an early, high and long-lasting immune response with less antigen, thus saving on vaccine production costs. In recent years, adjuvants received much attention because of the development of purified, subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require adjuvants to evoke the immune response. With the use of adjuvants immune response can be selectively...
Conjugate vaccines were prepared with S. aureus type 8 capsular polysaccharide (CP) using three carrier proteins: Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA), a non-toxic recombinant ETA (rEPA), and diphtheria toxoid (DTd). Adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) or N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) was used as a spacer to link the CP to carrier protein. All conjugates gave a high immune response...
Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) are liposomes which carry the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus on their surface. A hepatitis A vaccine using IRIV as carrier has very good immunogenicity and is well tolerated. The objective of this study was to produce a fivefold combined vaccine against hepatitis A and B, diphtheria, tetanus and influenza A/B, and to show that...
An effective vaccine delivery system has been developed for vaccination against a blood-stage malaria infection in mice. Subcutaneous vaccination with a semi-purified asexual blood-stage malaria antigen combined with an adjuvant formulation containing squalane, Tween 80 and pluronic L121 (AF) protected mice infected with a lethal P. yoeliiinfection against death and greatly reduced the severity and...
Synthetic peptides can be tailor-made to include any B or T epitopes desired from a single or multiple antigens or organisms. However, peptides in general are not very immunogenic and have not proven easy to incorporate into immunogenic vaccines. ISCOMs is an adjuvant system that has the capability not only to enhance the humoral immunogenicity of a protein but has also been shown to induce cell-mediated...
In the iscom, multiple copies of antigen are attached by hydrophobic interaction to a matrix which is built up by Quillaja triterpenoid saponins and lipids. Thus, the iscom presents antigen in multimeric form in a small particle with a built-in adjuvant resulting in a highly immunogenic antigen formulation. We have designed a chloroform-methanol-water extraction procedure to isolate the triterpenoid...
Vaccines against group B meningococcal infection tested in several field trials have all been extracts of the outer membrane of the bacteria. We have developed a single component vaccine based on the class 1 outer membrane protein P1 produced in a heterologous hostBacillus subtilis, and describe here its immunizing properties. The purified and denatured protein BacP1 was solubilized in SDS, followed...
We have previously described the generation of HIV-1 V3-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) responses in BALB/c (H-2 d ) mice following immunization with Ty-virus-like particles carrying the V3 loop of gp120 (V3-VLPs) without adjuvant. In this study the effects of various adjuvants on CTL induction by V3-VLPs was examined. Mice immunized with V3-VLPs formulated in aqueous-based adjuvants,...
Vaccines are commonly administered by the parenteral route. Therefore, adjuvant strategies which include parenteral immunization may improve the efficacy of a number of current vaccines. The capacity of aqueous-based microencapsulation to enhance virus-specific IgG responses in mice inoculated intramuscularly with small quantities of antigen was evaluated. Mice were inoculated with either 10 ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) antigen preparation, obtained following zwitterionic detergent treatment of virus, and incorporation of the antigens into either immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) or non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) delivery systems. Using Balb/c mice the ISCOM and NISV HSV-1 vaccines were assayed for their...
Since early this century, various substances have been added to vaccines and certain formulations have been devised in an attempt to render vaccines more effective. Despite a plethora of options, only aluminium salts have gained acceptance as human vaccine adjuvants and even veterinary vaccines are largely dependent upon the use of aluminium salts. Currently, many new vaccines are under development...
The ability of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), QS-21, and alum to alter the immunologic response to immunization with respiratory syncytial virus a chimeric FG construct (FG) subunit vaccine was examined in BALB/c mice. FG/MPL, FG/alum, and FG/MPL/QS-21 combinations increased non-neutralizing antibody response, while FG/QS-21 did not. FG subunit vaccine with MPL, QS-21, or both had cytokine responses...
The influence of various adjuvants on the development of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies and distribution of anti-influenza virus IgG isotypes after immunization of mice with influenza A (H3N2) subunit vaccine was investigated. Serum titres of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies and titres of influenza specific IgG isotypes were determined by a neutralization enzyme immunoassay (N-EIA)...
An 87.7% (P<0.01) and 84% (P<0.001) of protection against visceral leishmaniasis was achieved in CB hamsters and Balb/c mice, respectively, with saponin combined to the fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania donovani (FML). However, an undesirable haemolytic effect was described for several saponins. Aiming to improve the formulation with FML/saponin, we comparatively analysed the haemolytic...
The exact mechanism of how immune adjuvants function still remains largely unknown, despite their long history of use. This work reports the properties of alum and the related compounds Al(OH) 3 or Al 2 O 3 . Experiments were performed in rats to determine the relative adjuvancy of silica, talc, ground glass, Al 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , hematite...
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), eight new lipophilic MDP derivatives (MDPs) and three purified saponins were evaluated for their ability to induce immune responses in mice immunized with HIV-1 envelope protein rgp160 and for their ability to influence the HIV-1 replication in vitro. Three of nine new synthetic MDP derivatives (β-butyl-MDP, MTPO-26 and β-cholesteryl-MDP) and one saponin (Taurosid I) have...
Adverse reactions to routine vaccines are obstacles to the mass vaccination campaigns. Though the absolute safety of any injectable vaccine cannot be guaranteed, the adverse side effects to vaccines can be minimized by practicing existing scientific knowledge. Adverse side effects to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids have been known for many years and there have been ways to minimize these reactions...
Detergent-disrupted influenza virus vaccines, formulated as Iscoms TM , or oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, were administered parenterally to mice and evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Both formulations enhanced both primary and secondary serum antibody responses. The magnitude of these responses with o/w emulsions was further enhanced by the addition of the non-ionic...
Detergent-disrupted influenza virus vaccines, formulated as Iscoms , or oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, were administered parenterally to mice and evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Both formulations enhanced both primary and secondary serum antibody responses. The magnitude of these responses with o/w emulsions was further enhanced by the addition of the non-ionic block copolymer...
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