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Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is known to adsorb to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (AH) by ligand exchange between its accessible phosphate groups and surface hydroxyl groups of the adjuvant. To study the effect of the binding strength, five vaccines were prepared with AH or four samples of AH that were modified by pretreatment with different concentrations of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The...
Genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been documented as the predominant epidemic genotype in China and some other Asian countries since 1990s. Recent work has demonstrated that NDV vaccines phylogenetically closer to epidemic viruses provide better protection than conventional vaccines in terms of reducing virus shedding and transmission. Since there is currently no available vaccine which...
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis [MAP], the causative agent of enteric Johne's disease, incurs significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Prophylactic vaccination can be employed as a control means, however mineral oil-based vaccines currently in practice have limited efficacy, produce strong antibody responses that confound serological diagnostic testing, and cause severe injection...
Triple reassortant (TR) H3N2 influenza viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the United States since 2003. These TR H3N2 virus infections have been associated with drastic declines in egg production in breeder turkeys although co-infection with multiple agents could have been responsible for exacerbating the clinical signs. In this study, we experimentally confirmed that TR H3N2 influenza virus...
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of a potential Helicobacter pylori (HP) vaccine for the Dutch situation, we developed a Markov model. Several HP prevalence scenarios were assessed. Additionally, we assessed the impact of the discount rate for health on the outcomes, as this influence can be profound for vaccines. When applying the current discount rate of 1.5% for health, the expected cost-effectiveness...
We have developed virulence-attenuated strains of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) that can be used as safe yet effective vaccine carriers for neonatal vaccination. Here we compare the vaccine efficacy of Lm based vaccine carrier candidates after only a single immunization in murine neonates and adults: Lm Δ(trpS actA) based strains that express and secrete multiple copies of the model antigen ovalbumin...
We studied the feasibility of using an internet-based panel survey to obtain timely and accurate population-based data on influenza vaccination. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of US adults (n=3043) via the internet about use of influenza vaccination during the 2007–8 influenza vaccination season. We compared the internet-based rates to those from the 2004 and 2008 National Health Interview...
The evaluation of vaccine strategies in animal models is essential for the development of a vaccine against HIV. In efficacy trials conducted in non-human primate models of AIDS, vaccines based on adenoviruses compared favourably with other vaccine vectors. To determine whether this strategy could be transposed to another animal model, and by extension, to humans, we have evaluated the efficacy of...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been mainly responsible for the heavy economic losses in pig industry all over the world. Current vaccination strategies provide only a limited protection. In this study recombinant adenoviruses expressing GP3/GP5 of highly pathogenic PRRSV and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene of Heamophilus parasuis were constructed, and the immune...
In an agent-based computer model, we simulate the formation and recall of anti-virus immunological memory. Specifically we try to predict what will happen, both to the response and to memory, when the second infecting virus is partly different from the first one, and when the cross-reactivity of the two branches of the immune system (IS), humoral and cellular, is asymmetrical, or “split”. The simulations...
Approximately one million new cases of shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]), a severely painful and debilitating disease caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), occur in the United States each year. HZ incidence increases with age, especially after age 50. A vaccine to prevent HZ and its sequelae was licensed in May 2006 for those aged 60 years or older, making it the first new vaccine targeted...
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been extensively utilized as a viral vector system for the induction of protective immune responses against a variety of pathogens. We constructed recombinant VSVs specifying either the Indiana or Chandipura virus G glycoprotein and expressing the West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (E) glycoprotein. Mice were intranasally vaccinated using a prime (Indiana)-boost (Chandipura)...
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and contagious viral infection of young chickens caused by IBD virus (IBDV). IBDV belongs to genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae. It is a non-enveloped virus with icosahedral symmetry that contains two segments of double-stranded RNA. The virus affects the lymphoid tissues of chickens, mainly the B cells of bursa of Fabricius, leading to severe and...
The increasing number of human influenza H5N1 infections accentuates the need for the development of H5N1 vaccine candidates to prevent a potential influenza pandemic. The use of adjuvants in such vaccines can contribute significantly to antigen dose-sparing. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of the non-toxic Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide analog LpxL1 to function as an adjuvant...
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially serious disease, especially in adults. There is no treatment available for TBE; supportive therapy may help to ease symptoms of the disease. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing TBE disease and is recommended for those who live, work, or travel in TBE-endemic areas. Regular booster vaccinations are recommended every 3–5 years to maintain...
The elicitation of broadly cross-reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in humans remains a major challenge in developing a viable AIDS vaccine. We hypothesized that prolonged exposure to candidate vaccine immunogens could enhance the elicitation of such antibodies. In an attempt to develop HIV-1 vaccine immunogens with prolonged half-lives and increased stability, we constructed a fusion protein,...
An international meeting on Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization was held at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 19–20 July 2007. The goal of the meeting was to harmonize the immunoassays used for pertussis diagnostics and vaccine evaluation, as agreed upon by academic and government researchers, regulatory authorities, vaccine manufacturers,...
Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV2) infection increases HIV transmission. We explore the impact of a potential prophylactic HSV2 vaccination on HIV incidence in Africa using STDSIM an individual-based model. A campaign that achieved 70% coverage over 5 years with a vaccine that reduced susceptibility to HSV2 acquisition and HSV2 reactivation by 75% for 10 years, reduced HIV incidence by 30–40% after...
APOBEC3G is an innate intracellular anti-viral factor which deaminates retroviral cytidine to uridine. In vivo studies of APOBEC3G (A3G) were carried out in rhesus macaques, following mucosal immunization with SIV antigens and CCR5 peptides, linked to the 70kDa heat shock protein. A progressive increase in A3G mRNA was elicited in PBMC after each immunization (p<0.0002 to p≤0.02), which was maintained...
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