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The endpoint definition for infant tuberculosis (TB) vaccine trials should match the TB disease phenotype expected in the control arm of the study population. Our aim was to analyse selected combinations of the clinical, radiological, and microbiological features of pulmonary TB among children investigated under vaccine trial conditions, in order to estimate case frequency for a range of expected...
The 14,543 spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions received in EudraVigilance from 1 November 2009 to 30 April 2010 for three centrally authorized Influenza A/H1N1 vaccines marketed in the European Economic Area (Celvapan™, Focetria™ and Pandemrix™) were extracted to evaluate the effectiveness of recommendations to strengthen pharmacovigilance systems during the pandemic and illustrate...
The burden of influenza in children is increasingly appreciated; some middle-income countries are considering support for influenza vaccine programs. To support decision-making, methods to estimate the potential impact of proposed programs are needed. Using Thailand as a case-study, we present a model that uses surveillance data, published vaccine effectiveness estimates, and vaccination coverage...
We report the immunogenicity of three dendrimeric peptide vaccine candidates for classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Each dendrimeric construct contained four copies of a B-cell epitope from the E2 glycoprotein of CSFV [construct 1: E2 (694–712); 2: E2 (712–727); 3: E2 (829–842)] joined to a T-cell epitope from the NS3 protein (residues 1446–1460). Intramuscular immunization of domestic pigs with...
Pfs230, surface protein of gametocyte/gamete of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is a prime candidate of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine. Plasmodium vivax has an ortholog of Pfs230 (Pvs230), however, there has been no study in any aspects on Pvs230 to date. To investigate whether Pvs230 can be a vivax malaria transmission-blocking vaccine, we performed evolutionary and population...
Asymptomatic carriage of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to precede the development of invasive disease. Young children are one of the major reservoirs for pneumococci and worldwide over 700,000 children under two years old die due to invasive pneumococcal disease each year. Heptavalent conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) was introduced into the UK childhood immunisation schedule...
A trivalent, Ann Arbor strain, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is approved for use in children 24 months of age and older in a number of countries. The incidence, duration, and other parameters of viral shedding after vaccination with LAIV have not been fully described in children ≤5 years of age.An open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase 2 study assessed viral shedding and safety in 200...
Five cattle and five sheep that had never been exposed to bluetongue virus (BTV), as well as ten animals that had been experimentally infected with BTV-8, were inoculated with BTV-1. Previous exposure to BTV-8 did not prevent a second infection with another serotype.After the experiment, the BTV-1 preparation was found to be contaminated with BTV-15. The inoculum and blood samples taken during the...
Stabilization and ease of administration are two ways to substantially improve the use of current vaccines. In the present study an influenza whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine was freeze-dried or spray-freeze dried in the presence of inulin as a cryoprotectant. Only spray-freeze drying rendered powders compatible with administration to the lungs by insufflation. Pulmonary administration of the...
In 2005, an acellular pertussis-containing DTP-IPV-Hib vaccine for infants replaced the whole-cell combination vaccine in the National Immunisation Programme of the Netherlands. From 2008 onwards, an increase in local reactions to boosters was seen in an enhanced passive reporting system of adverse events following immunisation.A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the difference in tolerability...
From December 2008 the Italian region of Lombardy started offering the vaccine against HPV to all schoolgirls aged 12. Many topics like knowledge, organization and acceptability should be addressed. This study investigated the compliance to the first vaccination campaign in two suburbs of Milan and assessed the knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer among the mothers of the recipients and the opinions...
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections in children manifest as exanthema and are most commonly known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). Because it can cause severe neurological complications like poliomyelitis, EV71 has now emerged as an important neurotropic virus in Asia. EV71 virus has been shown to consist of 3 (A, B and C) genotypes and many subgenotypes. Although EV71 vaccine development has recently...
The aim of this study was to evaluate diphtheria immunity in a sample of the Turkish population having high childhood immunization coverage, including a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid at 12–15 years of age. A total of 599 persons aged 1–70 years were selected with cluster sampling. The information on socio-demographic characteristics, vaccination status and diphtheria history was gathered for each...
Vaccines with acceptable efficacy profile against the H1N1 A/California/7/2009 virus are needed for use in children. The two studies presented here evaluated the immunogenicity and the reactogenicity/safety of A/H1N1/2009 vaccines containing either 3.75μg haemagglutinin antigen (HA) and AS03 A -adjuvant (3.75μg HA/AS03 A study) (N=210 [53, 57 and 100 in the 3–5, 6–9 and 10–17 years...
The UK human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme aims to provide girls aged 12–13 with protection against two of the most carcinogenic strains (types 16 and 18) of this sexually transmitted virus which together account for 70% of cases of cervical cancer. Despite evidence suggesting a general lack of knowledge about HPV and its link with cervical cancer, vaccine uptake rates were generally...
Despite the importance and success of vaccination against bacterial diseases in fish, little is known about the mechanisms of vaccine-induced disease resistance. In this study a known efficacious bacterial vaccine, to Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), was used to vaccinate rainbow trout, and sixty days later the fish were challenged with the causative agent of the disease, Yersinia ruckeri. The bacterial...
The limited efficacy of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, coupled with emerging information suggesting that it is poorly protective against newly emerging strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis such as the W-Beijing isolates, makes it paramount to search for more potent alternatives. One such class of candidates is attenuated mutants derived from M. tuberculosis itself. We demonstrate here, in an initial...
While annual influenza vaccination is recommended by the CDC for children 6 months and older, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. For healthy, US children 2 years of age and older, influenza vaccine is available as an intramuscular injection (TIV) or an intranasal spray (LAIV), respectively. Little is known about children's experiences and preferences for influenza vaccine attributes.To examine preferences...
Vibrio harveyi is a severe aquaculture pathogen that can infect a large number of fish species. In previous studies, we have identified two protective immunogens, DegQ and Vhp1, from pathogenic V. harveyi strains. In this study, we examined the potentials of DegQ and Vhp1 as monovalent and bivalent DNA vaccines in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) model. For this purpose, the DNA vaccine...
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