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13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) includes polysaccharide conjugates from six pneumococcal serotypes in addition to those in the licensed 7-valent vaccine, thereby offering expanded protection against pneumococcal disease. The phase 3 trial reported here was conducted per a regulatory requirement to evaluate the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of two lots of the final PCV13...
Survey data suggest that, in a typical year, less than half U.S. healthcare personnel (HCP) are vaccinated for influenza. We measured workplace efforts to promote influenza vaccination among HCP in the U.S. and their association with seasonal and pandemic vaccination during the 2009–10 influenza season.Self-reported survey data collected in June 2010 from eligible HCP (n=1714) participating in a nationally...
In Belgium, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced into the national schedule in 2007. The early impact of PCV7 vaccination on paediatric invasive disease was estimated by comparing pre- and post-vaccination incidence from national surveillance. In children <2 year-olds, vaccine-serotype incidence declined by 96% but non-vaccine-types increased 2–3-fold. Overall invasive...
Maternal–infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during birth carries a high risk of chronic HBV infection in infants. Appropriate neonatal prophylaxis is effective in preventing perinatal transmission of HBV. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of anti-HBV sero-vaccination in newborns of HBsAg positive mothers from Mayotte, French island in the Mozambican canal...
We investigated several methods to immunize the abomasum (fourth and gastric stomach) of kid goats by direct (abomasal) or distal (rectal or nasal) routes utilizing mucosal antigens isolated from the abomasal parasite, Haemonchus contortus. Direct (ultrasound guided), immunization of the abomasal mucosa together with rectal immunization established lymphocyte proliferation responses in abomasal lymph...
Patients lose protective immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Therefore, revaccination of HSCT recipients represents an important strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with these infections. Since there is little consensus on vaccine recommendations and practices for allogeneic HSCT recipients with active chronic graft-versus-host...
The development of improved vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been hindered by a limited understanding of the immune correlates of anti-tuberculosis protective immunity. In this study, we examined the relationship between long-term anti-tuberculosis protection and the mycobacterial-specific CD4 multifunctional T (MFT) cell responses induced by five different TB vaccines (live-attenuated,...
This paper investigates Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage in Indigenous children and children attending childcare centres in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1992–2005. More than 10 years after the introduction of the Hib conjugate vaccine, Hib carriage persists in Indigenous children (3.4%, 2003–2005) and children attending childcare centres (0.2%, 2004). This is the first Australian...
Pandemic outbreaks of influenza are caused by the emergence of a pathogenic and transmissible virus to which the human population is immunologically naïve. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype are of particular concern because of the high mortality rate (60% case fatality rate) and novel subtype. In order to develop a vaccine that elicits broadly reactive...
Due to a dramatic increase in reported febrile convulsions in Western Australia following a routine pediatric influenza vaccination programme we evaluated parental recall of fever in their child following 2010 trivalent influenza vaccine manufactured by either Sanofi Pasteur (Vaxigrip ® ) or CSL Biotherapies (Fluvax ® ) to determine if the rates of febrile events in infants and children...
A comparative analysis of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses was performed in ambulatory medically stable elderly and young adults who received the standard-dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, containing 15μg of hemagglutinin (HA) per virus strain, or a high-dose vaccine containing 60μg HA per virus strain. Among the elderly, the high dose vaccine induced greater HAI (hemagglutination...
The present study was aimed to study the immune response in three months old male and female naïve obese animals and upon hepatitis B vaccination in three months old female WNIN/Ob obese mutant rats, established at our institute in comparison with its lean litter mates. Altered immune profile was seen in naïve obese mutant rats in terms of percentage of splenic CD8 + cytotoxic cells in males...
To identify factors influencing implementation of a state-wide mandatory immunisation policy for healthcare workers (HCWs) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2007. Vaccines included were measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, but not influenza.We evaluated the first 2 years of this policy directive in 2009. A qualitative study was conducted among 4...
In Australia, post-marketing surveillance for intussusception following vaccination commenced with funding of RotaTeq ® and Rotarix ® vaccines under the National Immunization Program (NIP) in July 2007.Two active surveillance mechanisms (hospital-based case ascertainment and monthly reports from paediatricians) identified intussusception cases between 1st July 2007 and 31st December...
Immunogenicity of influenza A (H1N1)v MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was studied in HIV-infected patients. The vaccine was effective in inducing a protective immune response in patients with a CD4 >200cells/μL while individuals with CD4 <200cells/μL showed lower rates of seroconversion and seroprotection. These results underscore the usefulness of immunization against influenza in HIV-infected patients,...
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a potential weapon of bioterrorism. Y. pestis evades the innate immune system by synthesizing tetra-acylated lipid A with poor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-stimulating activity at 37°C, whereas hexa-acylated lipid A, a potent TLR4 agonist, is made at lower temperatures. Synthesis of Escherichia coli LpxL, which transfers the secondary laurate chain...
We performed questionnaire survey in 2005, just before the introduction of the MR vaccine, concerning child vaccination and/or infection history for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, influenza, diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT), BCG, and Japanese encephalitis. The vaccination rate against measles and rubella did not exceed 95% at any age levels. As a result, children who had contracted measles...
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