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Pertussis has re-emerged as a public health problem in Canada in recent years, emphasizing concerns about the effectiveness of the currently licensed whole-cell vaccine. Following a 1994 outbreak in Nova Scotia, we conducted a case-control study of 483 children aged <10 years to assess vaccine effectiveness. Ninety-three percent of children aged 6 months and above had received three or more doses...
Effectiveness of the 2003–2004 influenza vaccine was evaluated at five military basic training centers throughout the United States. Data from surveillance conducted in December and January 2003–2004 in this highly vaccinated population were evaluated. During this period, 10.6% (37/350) of specimens were positive for influenza A. A 14-day period after vaccination was considered the period prior to...
This study was undertaken to analyse the epidemiology of pertussis disease among hospitalised children during the transition period from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccine in order to compare the respective estimates of vaccine effectiveness.Surveillance was conducted between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2003. The data originated from a voluntary hospital-based surveillance network including...
Malawi has extreme poverty and a high-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. Following Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine introduction during 2002, we evaluated vaccine impact by reviewing hospital surveillance data for acute bacterial meningitis in Blantyre district among children age 1–59 months admitted during 1997–2005. Documented annual Hib meningitis incidence rates...
In the literature, different definitions of clinical illness cases and observation period are used to assess influenza vaccine effectiveness, usually without addressing their actual specificity and sensitivity. These properties, however, have large implications on influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in single trials and meta-analyses of trials. Re-arranging 30 trials (in 17 publications) with...
During the 2003–2004 influenza season, we conducted a case–control study of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) among Colorado residents aged 50–64 years. Cases (n=330) were identified from laboratory-confirmed influenza reports to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). Controls (n=1055) were recruited by random-digit dial telephone survey. VE was 60% (43–72%) and 48% (21–66%)...
We report a case–control design using a sentinel physician network to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed, medically attended influenza (LC-MAI) and provide results for the 2005–2006 season of dual A and B vaccine mismatch in Canada.Participants were patients ≥5 years of age presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) to a sentinel physician in British Columbia, Canada...
The long-term impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, introduced throughout Latin America in the late 1990s, has not been evaluated. Active surveillance for H. influenzae meningitis was performed from August 9, 1996 to August 8, 2004 in Metropolitan Salvador, Brazil. Five years after the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccine, Hib meningitis incidence decreased from 2.39 to...
Rwanda introduced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine in January 2002 and simultaneously implemented pediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance at a major referral hospital in the capital Kigali. We reviewed clinical and laboratory information collected during January 2002 to June 2006. Due to a variety of laboratory limitations, only eight confirmed Hib cases were identified, all...
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by a flavivirus (TBE virus) that is endemic in many European countries and large parts of Central and Eastern Asia. In Europe, highly purified formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccines are in widespread use, but the vaccination coverage differs significantly between countries with TBE endemicity. Austria presents an exceptional...
Trivalent inactivated split influenza virus vaccine has been used for more than 35 years, and is currently licensed in over 100 countries. To determine vaccine-preventable influenza burden in different populations and geographic regions, we reviewed studies of vaccine effectiveness against non-specific outcomes such as upper respiratory infection, hospitalization, and death in addition to confirmed...
We sought to determine the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of Lanzhou lamb rotavirus (LLR) vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis in children <5 requiring hospitalization. Children hospitalized 2002–2004 with rotavirus gastroenteritis were matched by gender, age and community to 838 controls. VE was calculated for one or more doses of LLR vaccine with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For one dose versus...
Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most important means of preventing and controlling influenza. A review of the published literature shows that vaccination of children, healthy younger adults, the elderly, and both children and adults with high-risk medical conditions provides substantial benefits, although the types of benefits vary by age. Vaccination...
Alternatives to vaccination for preventing the considerable morbidity of otitis media (OM) are limited. Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Streptococcus pneumoniae together account for approximately 80% of OM cases worldwide, so vaccines against these most serious pathogens should materially reduce the burden of OM. Early trial data for a vaccine prototype including NTHi and 11 pneumococcal...
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was determined with a case-cohort approach using Cox regression. Cases with confirmed systemic Hib infections in children born from 1 August 2000 to 31 December 2004 were ascertained through two independent nationwide active surveillance systems. A representative cohort of 1303 children born in the same time frame was randomly sampled in a nationwide immunisation survey...
Most African countries do not initiate hepatitis B vaccination at birth. We conducted a non-randomized controlled trial comparing hepatitis B vaccination given at age 0, 6, and 14 weeks versus the current Côte d’Ivoire schedule of 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Pregnant women were enrolled at four health centers in Abidjan. At age 9 months, 0.5% of infants in both the birth and 6-week cohorts were positive...
Following implementation of a routine childhood two-dose measles–mumps–rubella vaccination strategy, mumps disease levels dropped dramatically in the US and an elimination goal was set for 2010. However, a 2006 epidemic involved >5700 cases nationwide, with many reported among fully vaccinated college students.In an outbreak in two Iowa colleges, we investigated: (1) vaccination coverage using...
Selection bias is of critical concern in the study of influenza vaccine effectiveness when using an observational study design. This bias is attributable to the inherently different characteristics between vaccinees and non-vaccinees. The differences, which are related both to vaccination and signs of clinical disease as an outcome, may lead to erroneous estimation of the effectiveness. In this report,...
The WHO European Region has a measles elimination target for 2010. Between September 2005 and mid-June 2006, more than 50,000 measles cases were reported in Ukraine; many reportedly had received two doses of measles vaccine and over 60% were among persons 15–29 years old. To investigate vaccine effectiveness (VE), a case–control study was undertaken in Dnepropetrovsk region. VE for two doses of measles...
Influenza vaccination control strategies in most countries rely on vaccination of seniors and other high risk groups. Although placebo-controlled randomized trials show influenza vaccine is effective in younger age groups, few seniors >70 years were studied even though they suffer >90% of influenza-related deaths. Excess mortality studies could not confirm a national decline in influenza-related...
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