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The pathology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pulmonary infection for a hamster model was examined after whole bacterium rechallenge or component vaccination. Animals which, after an initial infection, were rechallenged with either live or heat-killed M. pneumoniaeinocula developed severe early recall lesions in the first 3 days. In contrast, animals infected once develop maximum histopathology at approximately...
To help the Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI) achieve its goal of new and improved children's vaccines, we developed and applied a cost-effectiveness model to set priorities for vaccine development. The model measures the health benefits in additional Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained by the combined birth cohorts of all developing countries over an assumed useful life of a proposed vaccine...
Animal model studies of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection after live respiratory challenge were conducted to investigate the issues of challenge-rechallenge associated accentuated pathology, postparenteral vaccination associated accentuated pathology, and oral vaccination. Live M. pneumoniae inocula were grown in hamster serum-based medium in order to reduce the potential for the serum growth component...
Pneumocystis carinii, a leading opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, contains a major surface glycoprotein (MSG) which plays a central role in its interaction with the host. Naive Lewis rats were immunized with varying concentrations of purified native MSG and a recombinant form of the protein (MSG-B), placed in a conventional rat colony with exposure to P. carinii, and immunosuppressed with corticosteroids...
Pneumocystis carinii, a leading opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, contains a major surface glycoprotein (MSG) which plays a central role in its interaction with the host. Naive Lewis rats were immunized with varying concentrations of purified native MSG and a recombinant form of the protein (MSG-B), placed in a conventional rat colony with exposure to P. carinii, and immunosuppressed with corticosteroids...
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive, encapsulated bacteria that is a major cause of human disease in people of all ages. It is the most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in infancy, childhood and adult life, and the most important cause of meningitis in all age groups except children of 3 months to 2 years in whom Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) predominates (in the...
Despite the Healthy People 2010 goal of a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) vaccination rate of 90% by year 2010, rates remain low and racial disparities exist. This paper systematically reviewed medical literature published between 1981 and 2000 regarding physician and patient knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pneumococcal vaccination. Among physicians the vaccine is generally...
We compared the hypothetical effects of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine with new vaccines on preventing invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease in persons =<65 years. We estimated how much disease would occur if no polysaccharide vaccine were in use and used this baseline to compare the polysaccharide, a 7-valent conjugate vaccine, and hypothetical common antigen vaccine...
Secreted recombinant sialoglycoprotease fusion protein (Gcp-F) of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica A1 was examined for its ability to protect cattle from experimental challenge with M. haemolytica A1. Five M. haemolytica vaccines were compared including Gcp-F, logarithmic phase culture supernate (Presponse ( R)) and Presponse ( R) enriched with Gcp-F, recombinant leukotoxin (rLkt)...
Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 7 valent (PCV7) is the most costly vaccine yet considered for publicly funded programs. In mid 2001, Australia funded PCV7 for high-risk groups only (indigenous children and children with certain underlying medical conditions). World wide, non-industry-funded studies and studies using cost-utility measures are sparse. We undertook an independent economic...
To assess the effectiveness of a Hib vaccination program against X-ray defined bacterial pneumonia in children <2 years in Colombia.389 cases of radiologically confirmed pneumonia were recruited from hospitals in Bogotá and Medellin, Colombia. Two controls per case, matched on age, sex, and socio-economic level, were selected from children attending child health services at the hospitals where...
Case–control study designed to determine the effectiveness of an MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the population aged 65 years and older living in the community. Detailed health histories were obtained on both cases and controls that included a functional measure of co-morbidity (Barthel Index). Subjects were all eligible persons admitted to various hospitals with a diagnosis of pneumonia during...
The quantitative (anti-Hib capsular polysaccharide antibody concentrations; anti-HibPS) and qualitative (bactericidal activity and avidity) aspects in immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribosyl ribitol phospshate-CRM 197 conjugate vaccine (HibCV; HibTiter ® ) were evaluated in 66 HIV infected children not receiving anti-retroviral therapy and 127 HIV uninfected children...
Previous studies show that vaccination with the recombinant Streptococcus pneumoniae lipoproteins PiuA and PiaA protects mice against systemic S. pneumoniae disease. The aim of this study was to assess the level of conservation of PiaA and PiuA and a third iron uptake ABC transporter lipoprotein, PitA, between common S. pneumoniae capsular serotypes by sequencing the corresponding genes, and to investigate...
The present study was carried out to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DnaJ (hsp40) of Streptococcus pneumoniae, by cloning the full-length DnaJ of S. pneumoniae and expressing in heterologous host E. coli BL-21 (DE3). PCR amplified DnaJ was ligated in pQE-30 expression vector and subsequently transformed in E. coli DH5α strain. Cloning of DnaJ was confirmed by double digestion...
Capsular polysaccharide (PS) vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae have proven safe and effective. Moreover, experience with N. meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and S. pneumoniae conjugate vaccines has demonstrated that immunogenicity of PS vaccines can be greatly improved by chemical conjugation to a protein carrier. These vaccines have been shown to...
Information about the burden and epidemiological characteristics of meningitis and other invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis is of great value to healthcare decision makers to prioritize public health interventions. A group of regional experts in the Eastern Mediterranean and North African regions formed the MENA Vaccine-Preventable...
In this paper we present an overview of the literature on efficacy and safety trials of the various pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the market (PCV7) and in development (PCV9, PCV11 and allegedly PCV10 and PCV13), as well as of observations from post-licensure studies. Seven- (PCV7) and nine-valent PCV (PCV9) are reported to be sufficiently immunogenic after administration of a 3+1 schedule in...
In the US at the beginning of the 20th century, the infant mortality rate was high (150/1000 live births); 19% of deaths were due to pneumonia. In the pre-antibiotic era, childhood pneumonia case fatality rates were age dependant with most deaths occurring in infants. The introduction of antibiotics in the late 1930s lowered the mortality, but in the US most of the improvements in pneumonia mortality...
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