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In the face of an almost unprecedented threat of a global pandemic of influenza it is imperative that stockpiling of appropriate drugs and devices begin now. One vital device is an appropriate syringe for delivering vaccine. With the potential for millions to be infected and the vaccine supply severely stretched it is imperative that the syringe used to vaccinate waste as little vaccine as possible...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. Vaccination with a commercial H5N2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe,...
Mice were vaccinated with a DNA plasmid encoding the haemagglutinin (HA) antigen of H5N1 influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 by particle mediated epidermal delivery (PMED™). Vaccination led to potent anti-HA serological responses that were significantly enhanced by the inclusion of a plasmid expressing the A and B subunits of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (designated DEI-LT). Mice were vaccinated...
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have several attributes related to safety, immunogenicity, cross-protection against antigenic drift strains, high yield and needle-free administration that make them attractive candidates for control of pandemic influenza. H5N1 LAIV vaccine candidates are attenuated in ferrets, chickens and mice. These vaccine candidates were further characterized in the ferret...
The emergence of avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses that can cross the species barrier and that cause often-fatal infections of humans is of great concern and a pandemic outbreak with these viruses is feared. The availability of effective vaccines that can protect against morbidity and mortality caused by these viruses is highly desirable and great efforts are being made to prepare these vaccines. The...
In order to prepare for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses, we have established an influenza virus library that contains non-pathogenic influenza A virus strains with 135 combinations of 15 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes. In this study, we developed a vaccine against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in humans using a virus strain selected from the...
Although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype H5N1 ‘Asia’ their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. Thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. The following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains...
We propose that DNA microarray analysis can be used in the quality control of pandemic and endemic influenza vaccine. Based on the expression profiles of 76 genes in the rat lung one day after inoculation of influenza vaccine, we can distinguish whole-virion influenza vaccine (PDv: pandemic influenza vaccine and WPv: whole virion-particle vaccine) and sub-virion vaccine (HA vaccine) from saline. Among...
Vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is of high priority, in particular after the dramatic spread of subtype H5N1 in Asia, Africa and Europe. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been developed as a vector for the expression of the main immunogen of avian influenza virus, hemagglutinin (HA). An NDV vector based vaccine has several advantages. It allows easy serological differentiation between...
There are legitimate concerns that the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus could adapt for human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic similar to the 1918 “Spanish flu” that killed 50 million people worldwide. We have developed pandemic influenza vaccines by incorporating multiple antigens from both avian and Spanish influenza viruses into complex recombinant adenovirus vectors. In vaccinated...
Genetic diversity and hypermutation contribute to difficulties in developing a vaccine against viruses like HIV and influenza. There are currently no known immune correlates of protection against HIV. This has made the development of a vaccine against HIV that would provide sterilizing immunity in the near future an impossible task. The abandonment of a recent AIDS vaccine human trial due to a failure...
In this study, recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) were evaluated as a candidate vaccine against emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential. The VLPs are composed of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix 1 (M1) proteins of the H5N1 A/Indonesia/05/2005 (clade 2.1; [Indo/05]) virus, which were expressed using baculovirus in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Ferrets received...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) is a leading candidate for the next influenza pandemic, and infants and children may play an important role in transmission in a pandemic. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a prototype inactivated, aluminium adjuvanted, split-virus, clade 1 H5N1 vaccine (A/Vietnam/1194/2004/NIBRG-14) in infants and children aged ≥6 months...
The use of adjuvants to enhance the immune response to novel pandemic influenza vaccine candidates may overcome the poor immune responses seen in immunologically naïve populations. The confluence of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus and the widespread absence of pre-existing immunity has driven the search for effective strategies for immunization in the face of a lethal pandemic. The potent...
The increasing number of human influenza H5N1 infections accentuates the need for the development of H5N1 vaccine candidates to prevent a potential influenza pandemic. The use of adjuvants in such vaccines can contribute significantly to antigen dose-sparing. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of the non-toxic Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide analog LpxL1 to function as an adjuvant...
The haemagglutinin (HA) content is an important specification of influenza vaccines. Recently, a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for quantification of HA in PER.C6 ® cell culture-based whole virus vaccines has been reported, having a high sensitivity, precision, broad range, and high sample throughput [Kapteyn JC, Drissi Saidi M, Dijkstra R, Kars C, Tjon...
Vaccination against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control. In Indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens, and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination. To this end two transmission...
The combination of rapid evolution and high mortality in human cases of infections has raised concerns that the H5N1 avian influenza virus may become a new, possibly severe, pandemic virus. Vaccination is likely to be the most efficient strategy to mitigate the impact of the next influenza pandemic. The present study evaluates B and T cell immune responses generated by the H5N1 viral antigens, hemagglutinin...
Influenza vaccines are potentially the most efficacious means of mitigating the impact of influenza pandemic and might contribute to the rapid containment of an emerging pandemic virus.On the 12–13 February 2009, the Initiative For Vaccine Research (IVR) of the World Health Organisation convened the 5th meeting on the ‘Evaluation of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines in clinical trials’ in Geneva...
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