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Intradermal vaccination has been proposed as an alternative for the administration of anti-hepatitis B vaccine. Patients (n=66) with chronic viral hepatitis C without cirrhosis were randomised into two groups (intramuscular, n=38; and intradermal, n=28) for prospective immunisation with 20μg recombinant vaccine, using an ultra-rapid schedule (doses at 0, 15 and 30 days). Sero-conversion (antibody...
In many countries there is no clear recommendation regarding the preferred route of administration of inactivated influenza vaccines. In a randomised, observer blind study of 720 elderly subjects, a split, trivalent influenza vaccine was significantly more immunogenic for both A strains (H3N2 and H1N1, p=0.0016 and 0.003, respectively) when given intramuscularly compared to subcutaneously. This difference...
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the primary replication site for HIV-1, resulting in a pronounced CD4 + T cell loss in this tissue during primary infection. A mucosal vaccine that generates HIV-specific CD8 + T cells in the gut could prevent the establishment of founder populations and broadcasting of virus. Here, we immunized mice orally and systemically with a chimpanzee...
23 Valent pneumococcal vaccine is provided to the elderly through public health programs in many countries. However there is no clear recommendation regarding its route of administration (subcutaneous or intramuscular).In a randomised, observer blind study of 254 elderly subjects, the immunogenicity of a 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine was not influenced by its route of administration. A low rate of...
Epidemic influenza occurs annually throughout the world and is accompanied by excess morbidity and mortality. Increasing the antigen content and topical administration of vaccine are two strategies being explored to improve the immune responses to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity...
Immunization against conserved virus components induces broad, heterosubtypic protection against diverse influenza A viruses, providing a strategy for controlling unexpected outbreaks or pandemics until strain-matched vaccines become available. This study characterized immunization to nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2) by DNA priming followed by parenteral or mucosal boosting in mice and ferrets...
In the past decade, the use of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a vaccine vector for the prevention of economically important livestock diseases as well as for human diseases has been extensively explored. In this study, we have constructed a recombinant NDV vaccine virus, named NDFL-Gn, that produces the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) Gn glycoprotein. Calves were immunized via either the intranasal...
Plasma from 10 patients who had received rabies vaccine either intradermally (ID) or intramuscularly (IM) was examined for 20 chemo- and cytokines. Plasma samples were withdrawn on days 0, 3 and 7 after vaccination. These chemo- and cytokines and sampling days were chosen based on data collected from a protein array analysis of 122 cytokines conducted on one recipient of vaccine administered IM and...
A non-egg, non-culture based influenza vaccine that intervenes large influenza outbreaks and protects against heterosubtypic infections is needed. Candidates of such vaccine are likely to be conserved influenza virus proteins or their coding DNA. The vaccine must be conveniently produced at reasonable cost, safe, highly immunogenic and should be able to recall rapidly the immunological memory upon...
Immunization with plasmid DNA that has been encapsulated in poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles targets the plasmid DNA to antigen presenting cells and elicits immune responses to the encoded antigen(s). Application of a series of electrical pulses (EPT) immediately following unformulated DNA injection enhances expression of the encoded antigen and increases immune responses. The combination...
Electroporation (EP) of either muscle or skin has proven to be an efficient method for increasing DNA-based vaccine delivery and immunogenicity in small and large animals. Previous comparative studies in large animals suggest that intramuscular (i.m.) DNA EP delivery appears to favor cellular immunity, while intradermal (i.d.) EP delivery may favor humoral immunity. While current EP devices are primarily...
New vaccines to prevent tuberculosis are urgently needed. MVA85A is a novel viral vector TB vaccine candidate designed to boost BCG-induced immunity when delivered intradermally. To date, intramuscular delivery has not been evaluated. Skin and muscle have distinct anatomical and immunological properties which could impact upon vaccine-mediated cellular immunity.We conducted a randomised phase I trial...
Previous research suggests vaccine injection technique can influence local reactogenicity.To identify characteristics of vaccination technique and individual vaccinees associated with frequency and severity of pain on injection and local reactogenicity following immunisation with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine.Randomised cross-over trial of three injection techniques. Data were collected...
Globally, recommendations differ on the ideal angle of needle insertion to ensure vaccinate deposition in muscle for optimal safety and immunogenicity. This study aimed to compare the level of vaccinate deposition during vaccination, using two different needle angles (60° and 90°), in young children, adolescents and adults.In this randomized cross-over study, two doses of a licensed hepatitis vaccine,...
This clinical trial examined the safety and immunogenicity of annual revaccination with Fluzone ® Intradermal (Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA) vaccine compared to a standard intramuscular (IM) split-virion trivalent influenza vaccine (Fluzone ® , Sanofi Pasteur).This phase II, active-controlled, multi-centre, open-label trial was conducted in 2009 and 2010, and enrolled 1250 adults...
The emergence of the avian-origin influenza H7N9 virus and its pandemic potential has highlighted the ever-present need to develop vaccination approaches to induce cross-protective immunity. In this study, we examined the establishment of cross-reactive CD8+ T cell immunity in mice following immunization with live A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8; H1N1) influenza virus via two non-productive inoculation...
Vaccinating healthcare workers against influenza takes tens of thousands of hours of work annually. This study was undertaken to determine the acceptability, success rate, and time to vaccinate healthcare workers in nurse-led groups that self-vaccinated with intradermal influenza vaccine compared with nurse-administered intramuscular vaccine.Volunteer hospital workers were randomly assigned to groups...
Evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines during licensing studies is performed in relation to the selected vaccination route. For most adjuvanted vaccines, such as the TBE vaccine FSME-IMMUN, only intramuscular (i.m.) administration is licensed. Yet in certain situations, either because of medical indications, accidental application or due to a lack of sufficient muscular tissue,...
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes periodic epizootics in equines and is a recognized biological defense threat for humans. There are currently no FDA-licensed vaccines against VEEV. We developed a candidate DNA vaccine expressing the E3-E2-6K-E1 genes of VEEV (pWRG/VEE) and performed a Phase 1 clinical study to assess the vaccine's safety, reactogenicity,...
A quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) includes two A strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2) and two B lineages (B/Victoria, B/Yamagata). The presence of both B lineages eliminate potential B lineage mismatch of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) with the circulating strain.Electronic database searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT), Scopus and Web of Science were conducted...
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