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The seroprevalence study was conducted in order to determine the current seroepidemiology hepatitis A in Izmir, Turkey and to evaluate the epidemiological shift in HAV serostatus. Blood samples collected from 595 subjects aged 1–60 years were analyzed for anti-HAV IgG antibodies. The current study results were compared with those of a previous study conducted in 1998 involving the same location. There...
Vaccines can cause adverse reactions (AR), i.e. adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) due to the vaccine, such as local reactions or fever. In addition, live attenuated vaccines which replicate in vaccinees can cause disease-specific AR, e.g. measles-like rash following measles vaccination. However, nonlive vaccines because they are inactivated and they do not replicate in vaccinees, are not...
Conflicting findings regarding the level of protection offered by seasonal influenza vaccination against pandemic influenza H1N1 have been reported. We performed a test-negative case control study using sentinel patients from general practices in Victoria to estimate seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory proven infection with pandemic influenza. Cases were defined as patients...
Infection with influenza virus during pregnancy poses a significant risk of complications for both mother and fetus. During the H1N1 2009 pandemic, pregnant women constituted one of the priority groups for vaccination in many countries, creating a need for close monitoring of the safety of the vaccine in pregnant women. We present findings from an analysis of a cohort of pregnant women (N=267) from...
Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is an orthomyxoviral disease that has had devastating effects on farmed Atlantic salmon. ISA is still a disease resulting in continued loss of revenues and therefore development of effective vaccines is of great importance. Commercial vaccines against ISA are available, but the efficacy is poorly described. There is little information about vaccine-induced immune factors...
The present study was aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a single dose of conjugate Meningococcus C (Men C) vaccine by analyzing the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers in 10 pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) patients. Four patients showed a delayed immune response after 1 month, but all patients demonstrated an increase of SBA titers after vaccination. A significant decrease of SBA...
Shigella causes diarrhea and dysentery through contaminated food and water. Shigella sonnei live vaccine candidates WRSs2 and WRSs3 are attenuated principally by the loss of VirG(IcsA) that prevents bacterial spread within the colonic epithelium. In this respect they are similar to the clinically tested vaccine candidate WRSS1. However, WRSs2 and WRSs3 are further attenuated by loss of senA, senB...
Vaccination against H1N1 influenza of healthcare workers of has been a standard measure to control the epidemic in many countries. Most side effects are minor and transient. Guillain Barre Syndrome and optic neuritis have been major concerns. We report a case of seizures with retrograde amnesia associated with cerebrospinal fluid changes following the H1N1 vaccine.
More than 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Broad repertoire and strong magnitude of HBV-specific T cell responses are thought to play key roles for virus control and clearance. Previous studies together with ours showed that heat shock protein gp96 as adjuvant induces antigen specific T cell responses, yet little is known for its anti-viral properties...
Without intervention, a pregnant woman who is a chronic hepatitis B carrier is at risk of transmitting hepatitis B and of her infant becoming a chronic carrier and having a significantly increased lifetime risk of developing liver cancer or cirrhosis. Hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin reduce the risk of the baby becoming a carrier, but with only a short window period after birth to deliver this...
A phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the efficacy, reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of a human rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414 in Japanese infants aged 6–14 weeks when administered as two doses (0, 1-month schedule). Efficacy against any and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis leading to medical intervention caused by circulating wild-type rotavirus from two weeks post-Dose 2 until...
One of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is senile plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ). We developed a new edible vaccine: rice expressing GFP-Aβ42. In a previous report, we described the production of anti-Aβ antibodies in B6 mice fed Aβ rice mixed with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). In this report, we investigated whether Aβ rice had therapeutic effects in the Tg2576 AD model mice. The...
The development of a safe, effective and globally affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the HIV-1 pandemic. Since 1987, scores of candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been developed which elicited varying degrees of protective responses in nonhuman primate models, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost combinations...
Skin routes of immunization such as subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID) and transcutaneous (TC) administration are utilized for vaccination against various pathogens, without understanding their potential impact on the outcome of immune responses. We demonstrated that SC immunization induced HIV-1 p24 specific IgG in absence of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, whereas the ID route induced both cellular...
Vaccine development for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is dependent on in-depth understanding of toxin and colonization factor (CF) distribution. We sought to describe ETEC epidemiology across regions and populations, focusing on CF and toxin prevalence.We conducted a systematic review of the published literature, including studies reporting data on ETEC CF and toxin distributions among those...
We present here a detailed analysis of anaphylaxis cases reported to GlaxoSmithKline safety database following vaccination with its H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines, Pandemrix™ and Arepanrix™. Cases were assessed according to the Brighton Collaboration Case Definition (BCCD) as either confirmed diagnosis (97/395, 24.6%), insufficient information to fulfil the minimal criteria of the case definition...
During the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, parents in the Netherlands were recommended to vaccinate healthy children between six months and five years of age. The aim of this study was to examine reasons for (non-)acceptance, risk perception, feelings of doubt and regret, influence of the social network, and information-seeking behavior of parents who accepted or declined H1N1 vaccination.Data on...
Immunization with BioThrax ® (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) is a safe and effective means of preventing anthrax. Animal studies have demonstrated that the addition of CpG DNA adjuvants to BioThrax can markedly increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine, increasing both serum anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody and anthrax toxin-neutralizing antibody (TNA) concentrations. The immune response...
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