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The stimulatory properties of soluble recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (NP) on purified CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from young and elderly individuals were studied. Recombinant influenza NP failed to induce proliferation of resting CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the absence of IL-2. Addition of small amounts of IL-2, however, led to strong proliferation of resting CD4 ...
The HBx-derived, HLA-A2.1 restricted peptides, XEP-3, XEP-4, and XEP-6, induced activation of specific CTLs from patients with HBV in vitro. XEP-6 peptide induced the strongest response among the three peptides in CTLs from the blood samples of patients that were HBsAg positive. It was not clear whether the stage of disease (chronic infection, cirrhosis or hepatoma) was related to the responsiveness...
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (H-B-VAX II) in preventing chronic hepatitis B infection when given alone without concomitant hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) to healthy Thai infants born of HBeAg-positive carrier mothers. The infants received a 0.5ml (5μg HBsAg) intramuscular injection of H-B-VAX II either at birth, 1, and...
In England and Wales routinely available data measure uptake of the measles mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine at 2 years. This results in a delay in detecting change in uptake of the vaccine, which is scheduled at 12 months of age. The predictive value of uptake at 15-17 months is limited by the greater variability in uptake between quarters at the younger age. This can be overcome by presenting the...
To examine boostering of varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific immunity in seropositive adults after nasal inhalation of heat-inactivated or live attenuated varicella vaccine, we determined specific cellular immunity, IgG antibody in sera and secretory IgA antibody in saliva before and after the inhalation. The mean titers in specific IgG antibody and skin test findings significantly increased following...
The present studies were designed to examine the requirements of dose, route of inoculation and constituent antigens for the maintenance of complete and long lasting protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major conferred by a cocktail DNA vaccine encoding the Leishmania antigens LACK, LmST11 and TSA. Vaccination of C57Bl/6 mice with LACK DNA alone resulted in partial protection,...
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), a superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus, is a potent stimulator of the immune system. T-cells are activated by crosslinking of MHC class II molecules on antigen presenting cells with T-cell receptors (TCR). TSST-1 is associated with the majority of the cases of menstrual staphylococcal toxic shock, a severe and life-threatening multisystem disorder....
A new administration method was developed for vaccination of juvenile rainbow trout against β-haemolytic Streptococcus. This simple and convenient method was equal in effectiveness to intra-peritoneal injection. Small skin lesions were produced using a multiple puncture instrument while fish were immersed in a vaccine suspension containing formalin-killed Streptococcus iniae. Upon challenge 2 weeks...
Natural antibody activity against Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular A-layer protein (A-protein) showed large individual variations in a farmed group of 101 goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Statistical analyses of these variations led us to divide this group into homogeneous high and low naturally active (HNA and LNA) subgroups. The HNA fish were largely protected against experimental infection with...
A small proportion of healthy children fail to develop antibodies against hepatitis B after three doses of vaccine. Few data are available regarding the optimal re-immunization strategy. We measured the immune response 1 month after a single supplementary dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in 18 young preadolescents who were non- or hyporesponsive after a regular primary course of three doses...
The subunit recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines available in the US differ in hepatitis B surface antigen content. Clinical studies have linked higher antigen formulations with enhanced peak protective antibody levels. This is important for the elderly, smokers, the obese, and the immunocompromised. Immune memory, which is responsible for prolonged protection when HBV vaccine-induced antibody...
T helper cell-recognized epitopes were determined in chitinase of Onchocerca volvulus, a vaccine candidate protein. The proliferation of splenic T cells of mice immunized with recombinant protein was tested with a library of chitinase-peptides of 16 amino acids with termini overlapping by 12 amino acids, and a library of ''designer peptides'', i.e. sequences identified with three epitope-predicting...
Five hundred and seventy-four babies born to HBsAg negative mothers in Hong Kong received either a regular (5μg) or reduced (2.5μg) three-dose regimen of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. A significantly higher anti-HBs positivity rate (=<10mIU/ml), geometric mean titer (GMT) and the maintenance of a high anti-HBs level (=<100mIU/ml) were observed with the regular-dose regimen. The differences...
As new vaccines are developed, novel adjuvants may play an important role in eliciting an effective immune response. We evaluated the safety and adjuvant properties of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL ( R)) in 129 healthy toddlers immunized with two doses of nine-valent pneumococcal-CRM 197 protein conjugate vaccine (PCV9) combined with 10, 25, or 50μg of MPL ( R) with...
A clinical trial with four groups receiving either 0.6, 3.5, 10 or 20μg of purified non-adsorbed hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was performed to study the kinetics as well as the capacity of the immune memory to respond following exposure to HBsAg in responders to a complete course of hepatitis B vaccine, in whom anti-HBs titres had declined below the seroprotective level. The study population...
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for the defense against herpesvirus infections, in which cell-to-cell spread occurs earlier than the hematogenous spread. The ability of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) to undergo latency, to induce apoptosis of CD4 + T-lymphocytes, and to down-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, necessitates the development...
The 17D-derived yellow fever (YF) vaccines have had an excellent record of their safety among millions of recipients. Recently, extensive viral dissemination in seven vaccinees, aged 5-79 years, with just one survivor posed a serious challenge for vaccine manufacturers. Prospective evaluations of yellow fever vaccine bulk suspensions for their viscerotropism and neurovirulence in primates or an alternate...
The immune responses induced in young adults by a meningococcal A/C polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (Mcj) and a meningococcal A/C plain polysaccharide vaccine (Mps) were evaluated in unvaccinated subjects and those who had received either vaccine previously. 195 subjects aged 17-30 years received either Mps or Mcj. After 12 months, they were randomised again to receive a second...
We have investigated intranasal delivery of novel vaccines for plague, based on poly-l-lactide (PLLA) microencapsulated recombinant V antigen (rV) of Yersinia pestis. Microspheres containing rV alone or co-encapsulated with the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4 or IL-6 were administered in a two-dose regimen and antibody responses and protective efficacy were monitored. All treatment groups stimulated high rV-specific...
The meta 1 gene of Leishmania is conserved across the genus and encodes a protein upregulated in metacyclic promastigotes. Meta 1 constitutive overexpressing mutants show increased virulence to mice. In this paper, both meta 1 recombinant protein and plasmids bearing the meta 1 gene were tested for their antigenicity and potential for inducing protective immunity in mice. Vaccination with the recombinant...
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