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Most constitutive models can only simulate cumulative deformation after a limited number of cycles. However, railroad ballast usually experiences a large number of train passages that cause history-dependent long-term deformation. Fractional calculus is an efficient tool for modelling this phenomenon and therefore is incorporated into a constitutive model for predicting the cumulative deformation...
Recognizing the limitation of the existing yield surfaces for clays, a novel type of the yield surface is derived. The shape parameters allow for the distortion of the yield surface from an ellipse to a teardrop shape such that it provides more flexibility for better modeling the shear response for over-consolidated clays. A new bounding surface model has been proposed within a critical state framework,...
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