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Cyclic dipeptides are among the simplest peptide derivatives commonly found in nature. Most cyclic dipeptides found to date appear to have emerged as by-products of fermentation and food processing. However, many are endogenous to members of animal and plant kingdoms; these include cyclo(Pro-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Val), cyclo(Pro-Phe), cyclo(Ala-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Tyr), cyclo(Pro-Trp), and cyclo(His-Pro)...
Bombesin was intracisternally administered to determine the effects on the neuronal activities of the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of anesthetized rats. Although averaged afferent somatosensory transmission through 22 DCN neurons did not appear to be altered by bombesin (-1.11 ± 3.5%), 12 of them were actually augmented (+17.15 ± 2.7%) and 10 of them were suppressed (-26.15 ± 4.9%) during 40 min after...
We measured the influence of prolactin-releasing neuropeptides on mammotroph proliferation in cultures of rat adenohypophysis cells using flow cytometry. Angiotensin II (AII) increased mammotroph proliferation. Other peptides with hormone-releasing activities did not promote growth. Tamoxifen inhibited mammotroph proliferation in control and AII-containing cultures and the inhibition was reversed...
Methods for extraction and isolation of intact RNA are often laborious, time consuming, and preclude the direct analysis of peptides. Similarly, the conditions for extraction and isolation of peptides are unsuitable for the isolation of intact RNA. Thus, to study changes in the levels of neuropeptides and gene expression of the corresponding mRNAs, separate procedures are required. A simple and...
The influence of peripheral somatostatin immunoneutralization on intravenous (IV) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) bombesin-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion (GAS) was investigated with the somatostatin monoclonal antibody, CURE.S6, in rats. The somatostatin antibody, injected IV in conscious rats with a chronic gastric fistula and IV catheter, did not modify basal GAS, whereas in urethane-anesthetized...
The exposure of rat brain slices containing caudate putamen and accumbens nuclei to α-MSH or dopamine (DA) results in an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. When tissues are compared with those containing both α-MSH and DA, a reduction in the cyclic nucleotide is observable. This study was carried out to determine whether variations in tissular cAMP levels induced by α-MSH might be explained by...
A considerable part of important biological processes is governed by the noncovalent association of peptides and proteins. Various types of intermolecular forces may be involved in the formation of these molecular assemblies. This review gives a brief account of the physicochemical bases of interactive forces, with special emphasis on their impact on various peptide-protein interactions; summarizes...
MAULE, A. G., C. SHAW, J. W. BOWMAN, D. W. HALTON, D. P. THOMPSON, L. THIM, T. M. KUBIAK, R. A. MARTIN AND T. G. GEARY. Isolation and preliminary biological characterization of KPNFIRFamide, a novel FMRFamide-related peptide from the free-living nematode, Panagrellus redivivus. PEPTIDES 16(1) 87-93, 1995. - A novel FMRFamide-related heptapeptide, Lys-Pro-Asn-Phe-Ile-Arg-Phe-NH 2 (KPNFIRFamide),...
The aim of the present study was to correlate the development of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the kidney of the rat with the development of genetic hypertension. Immature (1-week-old) and adult (12-week-old) normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive kidney rats (SHR) were used for quantification of angiotensin II (ANG II) receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)...
The effect of intracerebroventricular infusions of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP-22, 5 μg/h for 3 h) or vehicle on the neurohumoral response of conscious sheep (n = 7) to acute moderate hemorrhage (15 ml/kg in 15 min performed 1 h after start of CNP) was studied. CNP alone (prehemorrhage) induced a transient rise (after 30 min) in heart rate (p = 0.0005), plasma aldosterone (p = 0.007), ACTH (p...
THOMPSON, K. S. J., R. C. RAYNE, C. R. GIBBON, S. T. MAY, M. PATEL, G. M. COAST AND J. P. BACON. Cellular colocalization of diuretic peptides in locusts: A potent control mechanism. PEPTIDES 16(1) 95-104, 1995. - Locust abdominal ganglia are shown to colocalize Locusta-diuretic peptide-, leucokinin I-, and lysine vasopressin-like immunoreactivity in posterior lateral neurosecretory cells. Extracts...
XU, Y., O. JOHANSSON AND . ROKAEUS. Distribution and chromatographic analysis of galanin immunoreactivity in the heart. PEPTIDES 16(1) 73-79, 1995. - The presence and distribution of the biologically active neuropeptide galanin (GAL), in the rat heart as well as in mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, and dog heart, were analyzed. With some minor variations in the overall distribution, extractable...
We have characterized and quantified endothelin receptors in rat brain (anterior cerebral) and peripheral (aorta, carotid, and caudal) arteries, with the use of [ 125 I]endothelin and quantitative autoradiography. Endothelin binding was saturable, of high affinity, and totally displaced by the selective endothelin ET A antagonist BQ 123. A single class of ET A receptors...
This study examined whether endogenous central GRF activity contributes to the increase in macronutrient intake shown by rats at dark onset. Animals were habituated to two diets: carbohydrate-fat and protein-fat. Antiserum raised against GRF (aGRF; 1% and 10% solutions) was microinjected into the suprachiasmatic nucleus/medial preoptic area (SCN/MPOA) at dark onset, and macronutrient intake was...
The effects of PACAP on hepatic glucose metabolism were examined using the flow-through perfusion method for fed rat livers, because some of the glucagon superfamily peptides stimulate hepatic glucose output. Glucose output was significantly stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by more than 1 nM PACAP-27. The potency of its stimulation was equal to that of PACAP-38, greater than that of VIP, and...
Over 100 motilin fragments and analogues, including monosubstituted C-terminal-deleted analogues, conformationally restricted analogues, analogues with peptide bond isoteres (CH 2 -NH), and N-terminal fragments adjunct to an amphiphilic helix, were synthesized by solid-phase methodology, purified by reverse-phase HPLC, and assayed in vitro in a muscle strip bioassay (rabbit duodenum) and in...
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and oxytocin both stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), although with different characteristics. Therefore, interaction between oxytocin and GnRH in the control of LH may be postulated. We developed models for investigating whether oxytocin can modulate GnRH action on LH in vivo. Pentobarbitone is known to pharmacologically isolate the pituitary...
BUNGART, D., C. HILBICH, H. DIRCKSEN AND R. KELLER. Occurrence of analogues of the myotropic neuropeptide orcokinin in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas: Evidence for a novel neuropeptide family. PEPTIDES 16(1) 67-72, 1995. - By use of an enzyme immunoassay that was developed for the determination of orcokinin, a myotropic neuropeptide of the sequence NFDEIDRSGFGFN from the crayfish, Orconectes limosus,...
The influence of neurotensin (NT) and substance P (SP) on the early stage of adrenal regeneration was investigated. Neurotensin (5 and 50 μg/kg) and SP (10 and 100 μg/kg) were given to rats subjected to adrenal enucleation combined with contralateral adrenalectomy. The mitotic index was employed to assess cell growth, and plasma corticosterone was determined by a radioimmunological assay. The animals...
BERWERT, L., H. SEGNER AND M. REINECKE. Ontogeny of IGF-1 and the classical islet hormones in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. PEPTIDES 16(1) 113-122, 1995. - The ontogeny of the endocrine pancreas of a teleost, the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), was investigated by the use of double immunofluorescence. Clustered insulin (INS)-immunoreactive (IR) cells were observed on the first day after hatching...
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