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The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), via the CCK B receptor, increases behaviors associated with anxiety in laboratory animals and humans. The present experiment assessed the role of endogenous CCK B function in fear-potentiated startle, a test of anxiety in rats. The amplitude of the acoustic startle response is potentiated if preceded by a stimulus that has been previously...
The behavioral effects of α-MSH, MCH, and α-MSH + MCH were investigated in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) (bilateral, 100 ng in 0.5 μl). Infusion of α-MSH into the VMN increased aggressive behavior; in the MPOA it reduced exploration and increased anxiety. In both areas it stimulated sexual behavior. MCH also stimulated sexual behavior in the MPOA and VMN and had...
Merani, S., R. M. Palmour, J. Bradwejn, I. Berezowska, F. J. Vaccarino and J. Gutkowska. Development of a sensitive and specific assay system for cholecystokinin tetrapeptide. Peptides 18(6) 869–875, 1997.—Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal and neuropeptide which has been implicated in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes. We have developed a sensitive and specific assay system...
Rex, A. and H. Fink. Effects of cholecystokinin-receptor agonists on cortical 5-HT release in guinea pigs on the X-maze. Peptides 19(3) 519-526, 1998.-Exposure of guinea pigs to the elevated plus maze (X-maze), an animal model of anxiety, causes an increase of extracellular serotonin (5-HT) in the lateral prefrontal cortex monitored by microdialysis. The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a...
The octadecaneuropeptide ODN has been originally characterized as an endogenous ligand of central-type benzodiazepine receptors, on its ability to displace the anxiogenic compound β-[ 3 H]carboline-3-carboxylate methyl ester from its binding sites. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anxiogenic effects of intracerebroventricular administration of ODN in mice and rats. At doses...
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of continuous intravenous infusion of the central cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist, CCK-4, on short-term memory and psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. Compared to placebo, CCK-4 (0.5 mg/h) significantly impaired performance on free-recall and recognition of words in the...
The behavioral and neurochemical effects of NEI, and its interaction with α-MSH or MCH were investigated in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) in female rats (bilateral administration, 100 ng in 0.5 μl/side). NEI in the VMN (but not in the MPOA) stimulated exploratory behavior, increased anxiety and reduced dopamine and DOPAC release. The behavioral effects were antagonized...
There have been few reports on the effects of the brain-gut peptide motilin on the central nervous system (CNS). We administered motilin intracerebroventricularly to mice and investigated the effect of motilin on anxiety using an elevated plus-maze. Motilin produced a significant decrease in anxiety with an inverted U-shaped dose response. To determine whether the anxiolytic effect of motilin was...
This study was designed to investigate the effects of synthetic mouse pancreatic polypeptide (mPP) on feeding and anxiety in mice. The intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of mPP (0.003-3 nmol) dose-dependently increased food intake. A significant increase was observed 20 min after ICV injection and continued for 4 h. The intraperitoneal (IP) injection of mPP (0.03-30 nmol) dose-dependently decreased...
Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like behavioral effects in rat models of anxiety. Because previous evidence has suggested a relationship between NPY and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain, we have focused on the interaction of these neuropeptide systems in emotional responsiveness to stressful stimuli. Intracerebroventricular administration of CRF...
Like other neuropeptides, orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) is encoded by a larger precursor protein. The cDNA for the OFQ/N precursor has been cloned from human, rat, mouse and bovine tissue demonstrating that this peptidergic system serves important functions that have been conserved during evolution. The structural organization of the precursor protein is similar to opioid peptide precursors, supporting...
The present article reviews the studies so far published on the psychopharmacological effects mediated by tachykinin NK-3 receptors in laboratory animals. Central administration of NK-3 receptor agonists has been reported to attenuate alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats and to evoke conditioned place preference. These findings suggest that NK-3 receptors may affect reward processes to drugs...
Intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces potent 'anxiolytic' effects in animal models of anxiety. Administration of opioid receptor antagonists suppresses NPY-induced food intake and thermogenesis. The present study examined whether the opiate antagonist naloxone would also suppress the 'anxiolytic' effects of neuropeptide Y. Following training and stabilization of responding...
Increasing evidence suggests that the neuroendocrine changes seen in psychiatric patients, especially in those suffering from affective disorders, may be causally related to the psychopathology and course of these clinical conditions. The most robustly confirmed neuroendocrine finding among psychiatric patients with affective disorders is hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical...
This issue of Peptides was inspired by a gathering of CCK researchers at the first Neuronal Cholecsytokinin Gordon Conference. The papers in this issue reflect the diversity of CCK research and demonstrate how the field has matured. Reviews describe the regulation of CCK gene expression and CCK release, the nature of the hormone binding site of the CCK A receptor, interaction of CCK, dopamine and...
We compared the in vivo efficacy of two selective CRF 2 agonists, mouse urocortin II (mUcn II) and human urocortin III (hUcn III), using food intake, anxious behavior, or ACTH release in CD-1 or Balb/c mice as indices of biological stress responses. All three peptides produced anorexia (Minimal Effective Dose (M.E.D.) for CRF and mUcn II=0.03nmol; M.E.D. for hUcn III=0.3nmol). Only mUcn II...
An important role for angiotensin IV (Ang IV) in the processes of learning and memory has now been well established. We have previously found that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of Ang IV as well as des-Phe 6 -Ang IV enhances learning of conditioned avoidance responses (CARs), facilitates recall of a passive avoidance (PA) task, and improves object recognition (OR) in rats. Since...
This study was aimed to determine the effects of μ- and κ-opioid receptor activation in relation to the social status of mice, being a winner with repeated experience of victories or a loser with repeated experience of social defeats. The behaviors of the animals were assessed in a social encounter test measuring the communicative behavior towards a familiar and an unfamiliar partner behind a perforated...
Urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) and Ucn 3 are new members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family and bind selectively to the CRF type 2 receptor (CRF 2 ). The effects of these peptides on behavioral changes induced by CRF were examined in rats. In a familiar environment, intracerebroventricular injection of Ucn 2 attenuated the stimulatory effect of CRF on motor activity, although it alone...
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide that mediates its effects by the activation of two G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors (MCHR1 and MCHR2) in humans. In contrast to its primary role in regulating skin color in fish, MCH has evolved in mammals to regulate dynamic physiological functions, from food intake and energy expenditure to behavior and emotion. Chronic infusion...
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