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The use of oriented macroscopic roughness to enhance the effective adhesion between two immiscible polymers was demonstrated. Bilayer specimens of polycarbonate and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) were produced with rough interfaces by scribing grooves of varying depths and spacings into the polycarbonate (PC) before joining the layers. The SAN, having a significantly lower glass transition...
Dynamic and steady state flow measurements and shrinkage experiments have been carried out to investigate the influence of blend composition on viscous and elastic properties of a new type of polyolefin: high density polyethylenes of high and low molecular weight obtained via metallocene catalysts. The polyethylenes are characterized by narrow molecular weight distribution and absence of branching...
The miscibility of binary blends of bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] {P[(R)-3HB]} (M w = 650 000) with poly[(S)-lactic acid] {P[(S)-LA]} various molecular weights (M w = 9900-530 000) have been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). D.s.c. analysis revealed that the structure of P[(R)-3HB]/P[(S)-LA] blends was strongly dependent on the molecular weight...
High speed fracture behaviour of nylon 6/SEBS-g-MA blends with rather small rubber particles near the lower limit for rubber toughening is characterized by the standard Izod impact test and the Vu-Khanh methodology. This characterization expands on previous reports that have examined the standard Izod impact strength of nylon 6 blends with various maleic anhydride grafted styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene...
The development of phase morphology in non-reactive vs reactive polyamide blends with a styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer and SEBS (a styrenic triblock copolymer with ethylene-butylene midblocks) in a co-rotating twin screw extruder was investigated using electron microscopy techniques. For the polyamide/SAN systems, significant differences were observed between the evolution of morphology in...
A method for the direct determination of the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) component in PET/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends by gel permeation chromatography has been developed. This technique has been applied to demonstrate that an observed deterioration in the mechanical properties (e.g. Izod impact strength) of PET/ABS blends on processing can be correlated...
The grafting efficiency on different nylons (6, 11, 12, 6,10 and 6,12) of ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (PE-g-GMA) and ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer at a composition of 85/15, when melt-mixed under optimum conditions, was investigated. Two of these nylons, 6 and 11, were selected to be studied in the complete composition range. Using techniques like dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile...
Films of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and a blend of iPP and hydrogenated oligocyclopentadiene (HOCP) oriented by one-way (uniaxial) and two-way (sequential biaxial) drawing were studied. The mechanical and thermal properties of the oriented iPP and iPP/HOCP blends as well as orientation behaviour were investigated by means of mechanical tests, d.s.c. and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering including...
Tensile properties, morphology and thermal behaviour of a poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)/polycarbonate (PC) binary system and an PPS/PC/epoxy ternary system were investigated. It was observed that the viscosityaverage molecular weight (M ν ) of the PC fraction was decreased during the melt blending of PC with PPS. This phenomenon was more pronounced as PPS concentration increased. By melt blending...
Differential scanning calorimetry studies, made on blends prepared by mixing in the melt, have demonstrated that crystallization of erucamide (13-cis-docosenamide) [H 3 C-(-CH 2 -) 7 -HC=CH-(-CH 2 -) 11 -CO-NH 2 ]/isotactic poly(propylene (i-PP) blends results in separate crystals of the two components, rather than cocrystallization. For low content...
The mechanical properties of self-reinforced liquid crystalline polymer/polypropylene (LCP/PP) blends strongly depend on the viscosity ratio of the blend components in the melt. This ratio was determined for PP blends with different commercial LCPs (Vectra A950 and Vectra B950), by means of capillary rheometry, under conditions representative for the blending process during extrusion. It was found...
Blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(methylene oxide) (POM) were prepared by melt mixing and subsequent compression moulding. Crystallization, thermal behaviour, morphology and mechanical properties of the blends were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic-mechanical analysis. The immiscibility of the two polymers in the liquid...
Blends of an alternating ethylene-tetrafluorethylene copolymer (ETFE) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared by melt mixing in a mixer. Compatibility, thermal behaviour and morphology of the blends of various compositions were investigated by using dynamic mechanical analysis (d.m.a.), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTi.r.), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy,...
It has been found that 3-(2,4-dichlorophenylazo)-9-(2,3-epoxypropane)carbazole can act as an efficient colourant and thermal stabilizer of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). It hinders evolution of hydrogen chloride, thus contributing to the stabilization of the system, probably via an aromatic alkylation reaction. Preliminary kinetic analysis supports the idea that the mechanism of dehydrochlorination is...
A study was made of the mechanism for the compatibilization of blends of PVDF and Nylon 6, induced first by grafting the chains of the two polymers with methacrylic acid and, subsequently, by the formation of zinc salts. The physical properties and rheological behaviour of the blends were examined in order to elucidate the mechanism. It was found that for blends containing minor amounts of PVDF effective...
A detailed characterisation of the high speed fracture behaviour of polycarbonate/core-shell impact modifier blends using thick (6.25 mm) injection moulded bars with sharp notches via the Vu-Khanh methodology and data analysis is described. This expands on a previous report that examined the effect of polycarbonate molecular weight and melt blending conditions on the customary stress-strain and impact...
This study concerns the morphology and spherulite growth rates of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), a semicrystalline polymer, in binary blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), an amorphous polymer, and in ternary mixtures containing (i) the amorphous polymer and (ii) tricresyl phosphate (TCP), a plasticizer for PVC. It is shown that the determining factor in the slight melting temperature depression observed...
Miscibility maps for blends of copolycarbonates based on various proportions of tetramethyl bisphenol-A and bisphenol-A (TMPC—PC) with copolymers of styrene—maleic anhydride (SMA) have been established and interaction energies have been calculated from the data using a binary interaction model combined with the Flory—Huggins theory. This analysis provides an independent assessment of all six interaction...
Novolak and epoxy reaction was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Two reactions can take place in the mixture: one between OH groups of the novolak and epoxy groups, and the other between secondary OH groups (coming from the opening of the epoxy ring by the first reaction) and epoxy groups. Since only one peak was detected in dynamic thermograms obtained at different heating...
The phase behavior of mixtures of bisphenol A polycarbonate and the zinc salts of lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (Zn-SPS) was studied as a function of the sulfonation level and the molecular weight of the ionomer. This system exhibits upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase behavior and miscibility is attributed to intramolecular repulsion between the ionic and non-ionic groups of...
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