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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for severe low respiratory tract infections in young infants and the elderly. To investigate whether BBG2Na, a recombinant subunit vaccine comprising aa 130–230 of the RSV G protein, induced protective Abs in subjects over 60 years during phase II clinical trial, pre- and postimmunization sera of individuals immunized with BBG2Na or placebo were transferred...
Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed by several cell types, including activated dendritic cells and macrophages, that acts in synergy with IL-12 as an important amplifying factor for IFN-γ production and Th1 development. To study the immunological and virological effects of IL-18 expression in the context of a lentiviral infection, we inoculated rhesus macaques with a high...
Neonatal but not adult mice are vulnerable to reovirus invasion of the central nervous system after peripheral inoculation. After hindlimb injection, type 3 reovirus travels via the sciatic nerve to replicate in spinal cord motor neurons before spread to the brain and development of lethal encephalitis. Here we provide ultrastructural evidence for direct reovirus invasion of unmyelinated neonatal...
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 induces B lymphocyte immortalization and activates constitutive signal transduction, including NF-κB, JNK/p38, and JAK/STAT pathways. During EBV latency, LMP-1 expression induces several B lymphocyte activation markers, including intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. We found that various structurally distinct histone deacetylase inhibitors...
This work provides evidence of the significant contribution of recombination to the genetic diversification of emerging begomovirus populations. In southern Spain, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) are distinct geminivirus species that coexist in the field and contribute to the tomato yellow leaf curl disease epidemic. A natural recombinant between...
We had previously reported the cloning of the complete genome of an isolate of hepatitis C virus (HCV), HCV-S1, of genotype 1b. We have constructed a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clone of HCV-S1 using nine overlapping cDNA clones that encompassed its entire genome. HCV core, E1, E2, NS-3, -4B, -5A, and -5B proteins were detected in 293T cells by immunoblot analyses when expression of the full-length...
Purified Tomato spotted wilt virus particles were shown to support either genome replication or transcription in vitro, depending on the conditions chosen. Transcriptional activity was observed only upon addition of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, indicating a dependence on translation. Under these conditions RNA molecules of subgenomic length were synthesized that hybridized to strand-specific probes...
To better understand the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses invade peripheral nerve pathways and produce CNS disease, we defined the type 3 (T3) reovirus genes that are determinants of the capacity of reovirus T3 strain Dearing (T3D) and T3 clone 9 (C9) to infect the spinal cord and kill mice after hindlimb injection. T3D and C9 viruses are both highly virulent (LD 50 < 10 ...
The XC rat sarcoma cell line undergoes extensive cell-to-cell fusion (syncytium formation) after infection with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) and is frequently used to titrate these viruses. This cell line is unique in its response to the ecotropic MLV envelope (Env) protein in that it undergoes syncytium formation with cells expressing Env protein containing R peptide (R+ Env), which is...
Arteriviruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses for which the two major envelope proteins GP 5 and M occur as disulfide-linked heterodimers. These were assumed to serve the viral targeting functions, but recent ectodomain swapping studies with equine arteritis virus (EAV) indicate that the GP 5 protein does not determine arteriviral tropism. Here, we focused on the short,...
During assembly of the HIV-1 virions, cellular tRNA Lys3 is packaged into the virion particles and is utilized as a primer for the initiation of reverse transcription. The 3'-terminal 18 nucleotides of the cellular tRNA Lys3 are complementary to nucleotides 183-201 of the viral RNA genome, referred to as the primer binding sequence (PBS). Additional sequences...
A mouse model system for a lethal encephalitis due to influenza has been established by stereotaxic microinjection with the recombinant R404BP strain of influenza A virus into the olfactory bulb of C57BL/6 mice. The virus infection spread selectively to neurons in nuclei of the broad areas of the brain parenchyma that have anatomical connections to the olfactory bulb, leading to apoptotic neurodegeneration...
The vaccinia virus A20R protein is required for DNA replication, is associated with the processive form of the viral DNA polymerase, and directly interacts with the viral proteins encoded by the D4R, D5R, and H5R open reading frames as determined by a genome-wide yeast two-hybrid analysis. The purpose of the present study was to further analyze the latter protein-protein interactions. Association...
Using a genetic system that allows the in vivo reconstitution of active ribonucleoproteins, the ability to ensure transcription/replication of a viral-like reporter RNA harboring the G 3 -> A 3 , U 5 -> C 5 , and C 8 -> U 8 mutations (triple 3-5-8 mutations) in the 3' arm of the promoter was examined with core proteins from human or avian strains...
Glycoprotein H (gH, UL75) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an essential envelope glycoprotein that functions in viral entry and the activation of gene expression. To understand the regulation of this important viral gene, the promoter of the UL75 late gene was characterized in HCMV-infected cells at the late stages of viral infection. Primer extension analysis revealed a single major start site...
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