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Poliovirus 2A pro is required for the inhibition of host cell protein synthesis and efficient viral replication. We investigated the role of 2A pro in regulating viral RNA stability, translation and replication in HeLa S10 reactions. The protease activity of 2A pro or its polyprotein precursors, 2AB or P2, was required to increase the stability of viral RNA and prolong translation...
We evaluated the individual contributions of the three surface glycoproteins of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), namely the fusion F, attachment G, and small hydrophobic SH proteins, to the induction of serum HMPV-binding antibodies, serum HMPV-neutralizing antibodies, and protective immunity. Using reverse genetics, each HMPV protein was expressed individually from an added gene in recombinant human...
HCV RNA has a unique regulatory mechanism for translation. The X region of 3′-UTR and core-coding sequence regulate HCV translation. In this study, we clarified that the entire 3′-UTR also enhances HCV translation, and the envelope-coding sequence of HCV genotype 1b increases degree of this enhancement. In the luciferase reporter assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysates, translational enhancement by...
VP16 is a virion phosphoprotein of herpes simplex virus and a transcriptional activator of the viral immediate-early (IE) genes. We identified four novel VP16 phosphorylation sites (Ser18, Ser353, Ser411, and Ser452) at late times in infection but found no evidence of phosphorylation of Ser375, a residue reportedly phosphorylated when VP16 is expressed from a transfected plasmid. A virus carrying...
The long terminal repeat (LTR) region of leukemia viruses plays a critical role in tissue tropism and pathogenic potential of the viruses. We have previously reported that U3-LTR from Moloney murine and feline leukemia viruses (Mo-MuLV and FeLV) upregulates specific cellular genes in trans in an integration-independent way. The U3-LTR region necessary for this action does not encode a protein but...
Alt, encoded by the lactococcal phage TP901-1, is needed for late transcription. We identify Alt as a DNA-binding protein, and footprint analysis shows that Alt binds to a region containing four imperfect direct repeats (ALT boxes) located −76 to −32 relative to the P late transcriptional start site. The importance of the ALT boxes was confirmed by deletion of one or two ALT boxes and by introducing...
Spumaretroviruses or foamy viruses constitute a distinct subfamily of retroviruses. The biology of foamy viruses within the authentic host, their mode of transmission, and disease potential in the authentic host or after zoonotic transmission into human or other species are almost unknown. Using feline foamy virus (FFV) as model system, we established modular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)...
Influenza virus constantly escapes antibody inhibition by introducing mutations that disrupt protein–protein interactions. Based on the structure of the complex between neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A/Memphis/31/98 (H3N2) and the Fab of a monoclonal antibody (Mem5) that binds and inhibits the Memphis/98 NA, we investigated the contribution made by individual amino acids of NA to the stability of...
In a previous study, we observed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein specifically inhibits translation initiated by an HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES). To investigate the mechanism by which down-regulation of HCV translation occurs, a series of mutations were introduced into the IRES element, as well as the core protein, and their effect on IRES activity examined in this study. We found...
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) is a small icosahedral plant virus with a bipartite RNA genome. While the RCNMV genome consists of two RNAs, it has not been definitively established whether these RNAs are co-packaged into a single virion or packaged individually into separate virions. Biochemical evidence exists to support both hypotheses. To determine the genomic RNA complement within RCNMV,...
Genome replication of plus-strand RNA viruses begins with the generation of a minus-strand copy of the genome. Minus-strand synthesis must initiate at or close to the 3′ end of the genome and progress to processive elongation to yield the appropriate template for genomic RNA synthesis. The Sindbis virus genome possesses a 3′ polyadenylate tail preceded by a 19 nucleotide conserved sequence element...
Infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) usually leads to a latent state in B lymphocytes. The virus can be reactivated through two viral transactivators, Zta and Rta, leading to a cascade of gene expression. An EBV DNA array was generated to analyze the pattern of transcription of the entire EBV genome under various conditions. Firstly, a complete set of temporal expression clusters of EBV genes was...
Filamentous bacteriophages Pf1 and Pf3 infect Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains K and O, respectively. We show here that the capsids of these bacteriophages each contain a few copies of a minor coat protein (designated g3p) of high molecular mass, which serves as a pilus adsorption protein, much like the protein g3p of the Ff bacteriophages which infect Escherichia coli. Bacteriophage Pf1 was observed...
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