Virology
The pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) was examined in the mouse model using V3000, a virus derived from a molecular clone of the Trinidad donkey strain of VEE. These results were compared in parallel experiments with avirulent mutants of VEE derived by site-directed mutagenesis of the clone. Adult mice, inoculated subcutaneously in their left rear footpad with V3000, were...
The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the envelope (E) gene of Tyuleniy (TYU) and Saumarez Reef (SRE) virus have been determined and the data used to classify these viruses in relation to the other tick- and mosquito-borne viruses in the genus Flavivirus. The phylogenetic trees obtained by maximum parsimony and distance methods for 22 flavivirus E genes showed that TYU and SRE virus are...
HIV-1 vpr encodes a 96-amino acid, nuclear protein whose function is not well understood. Unlike the other lentivirus regulatory proteins, Vpr is present in virions at relatively high copy number. In cells, Vpr is localized to the nucleus. Possible functions for vpr consistent with these findings include the nuclear import of preintegration complexes, transactivation of cellular genes, or induction...
The entire nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs containing the 5'-untranslated region and gene 1 of Purdue-115 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was determined. This completes the sequence of the TGEV genome, which is 28,579 nucleotides long. The gene 1 is composed of two large open reading frames, ORF1a and ORF1b, which contain 4017 and 2698 codons, respectively (stop excluded)...
It may be postulated that the encephalopathy induced by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1, in particular, the characteristic 'myelin pallor,' may result from binding of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 to galactosylceramide and/or its metabolite sulfatide in the plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells in the central nervous system. (1) gp120 has been reported to have a high...
To establish the in vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) in peripheral blood, subpopulations of mononuclear cells isolated from patients with a history of drug abuse and with high proviral load were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of the proviral sequences. After purification of cellular subsets by immunomagnetic fractionation of blood cells...
We report the complete nucleotide sequence of the M and the S genome segments and a portion of the L segments of two hantavirus isolates from Peromyscus maniculatus trapped in eastern California. The isolates, Convict Creek 107 and 74 (CC107 and CC74) are genetically similar to viruses known to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in New Mexico. CC107 and CC74 each have an M segment consisting of 3696...
Emerging methods that couple mass spectrometry of fragments generated from isolated proteins with database searching offer a powerful means of identifying proteins and the genes that encode them. We have applied this technology to a herpesvirus, channel catfish virus, and have identified 12 genes, 11 viral and 1 cellular, that encode 16 principal structural proteins. These proteins include three components...
Alignments of luteovirus readthrough protein amino acid sequences show they consist of two distinct regions, here named the N domain and the C domain. N domain sequences were classified, and comparison of this gene phylogeny to phylogenies of other luteovirus genes revealed an anomaly in the relationships between beet western yellows luteovirus, cucurbit aphid-borne yellows luteovirus (CABYV), and...
Binding of HSV-1 to cells is mediated by interactions of virion glycoproteins gC and/or gB with heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans on cell surface proteoglycans. HS and the related glycosaminoglycan, heparin, comprise a family of heterogeneous carbohydrates composed of long, unbranched polysaccharides modified, for example, by sulfations and acetylations. To define the specific features of HS...
The DNA genome of caulimoviruses contains a set of essential genes: I (movement gene), IV (major capsid protein gene), V (reverse transcriptase gene), and VI (gene coding for a post-transcriptional activator of the expression of other virus genes). In peanut chlorotic streak caulimovirus (PCISV), three ORFs, A, B, and C, are located between genes I and IV. They are dissimilar to other caulimovirus...
The Tat regulatory protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces high levels of transcription from the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter element after interacting with a promoter proximal RNA target sequence. In the wild-type HIV-1 LTR, this activation is facilitated by the synergistic interaction of Tat with the NF-κB and, particularly, SP1 regulatory proteins that...
Vaccinia virus (VV) and cowpox virus (CPV) differ in their abilities to replicate in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells because VV has a disrupted host range (hr) gene. To facilitate an examination of the molecular events associated with abortive infection of CHO cells with VV, we constructed two sets of recombinant viruses that contain a viral early promoter regulating the cat gene encoding chloramphenicol...
Cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus (CyRSV) supports the replication of an RNA molecule known to be a satellite (sat-RNA). Sequence analysis of wild-type sat-RNA showed that the 3' terminus is heterogeneous and terminates with one, two, or three C residues. Transcripts from mutant clones which lacked up to eight nucleotides at the 3' end were biologically active and yielded progeny RNA that had the 3'...
Five segments of the rubella virus (RUB) nonstructural protein open reading frame (NSP-ORF) were cloned into pATH (trpE) bacterial fusion protein expression plasmid vectors. Antisera raised in rabbits against these fusion proteins were used to identify RUB nonstructural polypeptides in lysates from RUB-infected Verb cells and from BHK cells transfected with pTM3/nsRUB, a vector from which the RUB...
The Logan and CFH strains of the geminivirus beet curly top virus (BCTV) possess cis- and trans-DNA replication factors which exhibit specificity and are not functionally interchangeable. We demonstrate that the cis -acting replication specificity element is entirely contained within a 82- to 97-bp fragment which includes most of the viral DNA origin of replication We also demonstrate that the strain...
Group I Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines conditionally expressing the CD21 receptor for EBV infection were superinfected with EBV. The incoming EBV entered its normal program of gene expression, producing EBNA-2 and LMP-1 and activating the Cp EBNA promoter, but the endogenous virus in the BL lines was not induced to express EBNA-2 or transcribe RNA from Cp. LMP-1 was, however, expressed from the endogenous...
Avian reovirus S1133 was shown to contain all the enzymatic activities required for the synthesis of mature viral transcripts, including a dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase, an mRNA guanylyltransferase, and two mRNA methyltransferases. The virus used these enzymes both in vitro and in vivo to catalyze the synthesis of viral mRNAs containing a type-1 cap at...
The transgenic mice, ICR-PVRTg21, carrying the human poliovirus receptor gene, were intraspinally inoculated with oral poliovirus vaccine viruses and the viruses that had been derived from a vaccine preparation by passagings at 38 o . Dose-dependent incidence of paralysis was observed in the transgenic mice inoculated with any of the viruses used. All transgenic mice showing histopathological...