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Receptor specificity of influenza A/H5 viruses including human 2003–04 isolates was studied. All but two isolates preserved high affinity to Sia2–3Gal (avian-like) receptors. However, two isolates (February, 2003, Hong Kong) demonstrated decreased affinity to Sia2–3Gal and moderate affinity to a Sia2–6Gal (human-like) receptors. These two viruses had a unique Ser227-Asn change in the hemagglutinin...
Influenza virus RNA polymerase is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of PB1, PB2, and PA subunits. These polymerase subunits accumulate in the nucleus of infected cells. We report here that PB2, from both human and avian influenza viruses, could also localize to mitochondria in transfected cells. Importantly, cells infected with influenza A virus also displayed mitochondrial PB2. We show that an...
Lung epithelial cells are the primary cellular targets for respiratory virus pathogens such as influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Here, we have analyzed influenza A, influenza B and Sendai virus-induced chemokine response in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Influenza virus infection resulted in low CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL10/IP-10 production at late times of infection. However,...
Influenza virus constantly escapes antibody inhibition by introducing mutations that disrupt protein–protein interactions. Based on the structure of the complex between neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A/Memphis/31/98 (H3N2) and the Fab of a monoclonal antibody (Mem5) that binds and inhibits the Memphis/98 NA, we investigated the contribution made by individual amino acids of NA to the stability of...
There is growing evidence that some terrestrial avian species may play a role in the genesis of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. In the present investigation, we examined whether quail, a widespread-farmed poultry, possess the proper characteristics for serving as an intermediate host for the zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses. Using a lectin-based staining based on specific agglutinins,...
The genetic and phenotypic stability of viruses isolated from young children following intranasal administration of the trivalent live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV, marketed in the United States as FluMist) was evaluated by determination of genomic sequence and assessment of the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes. The complete genomic sequence...
A major component of the cellular antiviral system is the latent protein kinase PKR, which is activated by binding to either double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or the cellular PACT protein. Activated PKR phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2, thereby inhibiting viral and cellular protein synthesis and virus replication. To evade the antiviral effects of PKR, many viruses, including influenza...
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