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Susceptibility to infection by the human polyomavirus, JCV, is determined by intracellular mechanisms which control transcription and replication. Originally thought to propagate well only in human cells of oligodendroglial lineage, JCV has recently been shown to infect astrocytes, astrogliomas, and a neuroblastoma cell line. The data reported here describe two cell types that have been subcultured...
African green monkeys (AGM) are classified into four distinct species (commonly termed vervet, grivet, sabaeus, and tantalus monkeys), all of which are known to be infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV AGM ) in the wild. Sequence analysis of partialgagandenvregions has indicated that each of the four species harbors a phylogenetically distinct SIV AGM subtype. This species-specific...
The function of the African swine fever virus (ASFV)bcl-2homologue, geneA179L,in the regulation of apoptosis was investigated using as a model system the human myeloid leukemia cell line K562 induced to die by apoptosis with inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, a process that is prevented by overexpression of humanbcl-2.It is shown that transfection of K562 cells with the ASFVA179Lgene protects...
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been etiologically linked to human cervical cancer. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine which is a potent growth inhibitor of most epithelial, endothelial, lymphoid, and myeloid cells, but is mitogenic for mesenchymal cells and bone cells. In this study, we analyzed the effects of HPV 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on the TGF-β1 promoter. The results showed...
Apoptosis has been observed in neural development and in various neurological diseases, including viral infection and multiple sclerosis. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is divided into two subgroups based on neurovirulence: the highly neurovirulent GDVII strain produces an acute fatal polioencephalomyelitis in mice, whereas the attenuated DA strain produces demyelination with virus persistence...
In vivoinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to gradual depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and later from the lymphoid organs. The mechanism of CD4 cell depletion is not known. HIV can only replicate in dividing lymphocytes, but greater than 98% of the lymphocytesin vivoat any given time are resting and are not permissive for productive infection....
We have previously shown that the phosphoprotein (P) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), New Jersey serotype (P NJ ) is phosphorylated by casein kinase II, within the N-terminal domain I (P1 form), whereas the C-terminal domain II is phosphorylated by a protein kinase activity associated with the L protein (P2 form) (D. J. Chattopadhyay and A.K. Banerjee,Cell49, 407, 1987; A.M. Takacset al...
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) utilizes the murine biliary glycoprotein receptor (BgpA) for entry into susceptible cells. TheBgp1 a gene was transfected into a murine DBT cell clone that expressed little if any BgpA receptor and resisted wild-type MHV infection. Clones which expressed low levels of receptor were efficient hosts for MHV-A59 replication. Clones which expressed 20- to 69-fold more...
Induction of a mucosal immune response is generally thought to require introduction of an immunogen directly onto the mucosal surface. It has been observed, however, that live, attenuated mutants of the alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), induce protection from virulent challenge at the respiratory mucosa even after parenteral inoculation. In this report, we propose a mechanism...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encodes a transacting protein, Rev, which interacts with an RNA element (RRE) to mediate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA. Recently, the RNA constitutive transport elements (CTE) from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) and simian retrovirus type I (SRV-1) were shown to render Rev-independent expression of gag, pol, or env genes in subgenomic constructs of HIV-1...
Broad bean mottle bromovirus (BBMV) was shown to accumulate RNA2-derived defective interfering (DI) RNAs [Romeroet al., Virology194, 576–584 (1993); Poganyet al., Virology212, 574–586 (1995)]. In this work, we utilize three sets of BBMV RNA2-derived artificial DI RNA constructs to determine factors that affect the accumulation of defective RNAsin planta.One set of deletion constructs was used to localize...
The matrix domain of the Gag precursor protein, and the mature matrix protein, which is derived from processing of the Gag precursor, functions in several steps of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) life cycle. We made numerous mutations throughout the matrix protein and identified three mutants in the N-terminal portion of the matrix that drastically diminish the ability of the virus...
We have recently described a novel strategy for engineering resistance to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) in transgenicNicotiana benthamianaplants using a virus-inducible promoter to control the expression of a plant ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) transgene (Y. Honget al., Virology220, 119–127, 1996). Here, we have used a potato virus X (PVX) vector to express the ACMV transactivator protein,...
We recently described the construction of a feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) recombinant vaccine strain, FHVβ-galgIgEΔ, containing a deletion in both the gI and the gE genes. We also reported comparative tests of its safety and efficacy in cats. These cats were unvaccinated or subcutaneously vaccinated with FHVβ-galgIgEΔ, its isotypic parent strain (FHV-1SA), or a commercial FHV-1 vaccine strain (FHV-1CV)...
Portions of the genome from two different papillomaviruses (PVs) of the Abyssinian Colobus monkey were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. This revealed that the major evolutionary separation between genital PVs and epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated PVs (EV-PVs) hitherto found only in human papillomaviruses (HPVs) also exists in animal PVs. The sequence of the long control region (LCR)...
The effect of genetic immunization of neonatal mice was tested with a plasmid vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. Mice inoculated within 24 hr after birth with the plasmid DNA developed antibodies as well as T helper cells to the rabies virus glycoprotein. The response could not be distinguished from that seen upon vaccination of adult mice. Taken together, these data clearly show that...
It has been generally accepted that inhibition of apoptosis is important in the development of malignancy. To determine whether Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the virus-coded transforming oncogene product, has an anti-apoptotic function in non-B-cells, Jurkat T cells were transfected with the LMP1-expression vector pSV2gptMTLM consisting of the human metallothionein promoter...
Human foamy virus (HFV) belongs to the spumaretrovirus group of the Retroviridae taxonomic family. Attempts to associate HFV or other foamy viruses to a specific pathology still remain unsuccessful. However, viral gene expression as well as tissue-specific tropism in anin vivocontext remain poorly analyzed. To address this issue, we have infected domestic rabbits with a single dose of HFV and followed...
Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) encode superantigens that associate with major histocompatibility complex class II products on antigen-presenting cells and stimulate T cells in a Vβ-specific manner. This T cell activation is critical for completion of the viral life cycle and vertical transmission to the next generation. To investigate the functional significance of extensive viral superantigen...
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