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The murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), JHM strain, induces a biphasic retinal disease in adult BALB/c mice. In the early phase, Day 1 to Day 7, a retinal vasculitis is noted which is associated with the presence of viral proteins and infectious virus. In the late phase, Day 10 to Day 140, a retinal degeneration is associated with the absence of viral proteins, infectious virus, and inflammatory...
Binding of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen to human and calf thymus topoisomerase I (topo I) was readily detected by using modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots. In addition to WT T antigen, binding could also be readily demonstrated with T antigen fragments from the amino-terminal region as well as with fragments missing this region, but much less so with small t antigen...
The initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription is primed by a cellular tRNA Lys,3 molecule which is bound to a complementary sequence near the 5′ end of the viral RNA genome designated as the primer-binding site (PBS). Recent studies have suggested that sequences upstream of the PBS within U5 consisting of a stretch of adenine nucleotides (referred to as the A-loop) might be important in the...
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) BALF2 gene product is one of the essential components in the lytic phase of the EBV DNA replication. The BALF2 protein was purified to near homogeneity from the nuclear extract of B95-8 cells with virus productive cycle induced by chemical agents. SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 130 K, which was...
In a step toward creating live-attenuated or DNA subunit vaccines for AIDS, the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was studied independently of the Rev and RRE (Rev-responsive element) regulatory system, over a single round. To accomplish this, theenvgene of an SIV vector was made defective by the insertion of a SV40 promoter/enhancerhygromycin B phosphotransferasegene cassette. Using...
Initial infection with an attenuated form of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may give rise to some of the rare asymptomatic infections that have been observed. Recently, data have been presented suggesting that a persistent mutation in the essential activation domain of the HIV-1 Rev regulatory protein might have contributed to the maintenance of the asymptomatic state in one individual...
S.A.AR86 and Girdwood S.A., two South African Sindbis-like arboviruses, are closely related antigenically to the Swedish isolate, Ockelbo82 [Lundström, J. O., Vene, S., Saluzzo, J. F., and Niklasson, B. (1993)Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.49(5), 531–537]. Each of these viruses is associated with human disease, and Girdwood S.A. was isolated from a human case. In addition, S.A.AR86 is unique among Sindbis-like...
The capsid domain (CA) of the retroviral Gag protein is a major constituent of the virion core. To examine the role of this protein in M-MuLV morphogenesis and replication, a series of substitution mutations affecting the central region of CA were introduced into an infectious proviral DNA. The altered DNAs were introduced into cells, and the resulting lines were analyzed for production of infectious...
Autographa californicanuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) replicates in the nucleus and produces a viral-modified form of the nuclear matrix called the virogenic stroma. The virogenic stroma is the site of viral DNA packaging and nucleocapsid assembly and is thought to be the site of viral DNA replication and RNA transcription. AcMNPV encodes a phosphoprotein, pp31, which localizes to the nucleus...
The immediate early (IE) enhancer/promoter regions of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV), and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) share the following characteristics: (1) they demonstrate high-level transcriptional properties, (2) multiple repetitive elements are found throughout the enhancer region, and (3) consensus binding sites for cellular transcription factors are frequently...
To reveal the genetic conservation of type ITrichomonas vaginalisviruses (TVV) we cloned and sequenced the 4.6-kb ds RNA of a TVV-T5 isolate for comparison with the cDNA sequence of a related TVV-T1 ds RNA. Analogous to TVV-T1, the TVV-T5 ds RNA also contains an upstream capsid protein gene overlapped with a downstream RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene by a +1 reading frame shift. A conserved...
The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus-A59 (MHV-A59) encodes a serine-like proteinase (3C-like proteinase or 3CLpro) in ORF 1a of gene 1 between nucleotides 10209 and 11114. We previously have demonstrated that proteins expressedin vitrofrom a cDNA clone of the 3CLpro region possess proteinase activity, and that the proteinase is able to cleave substratein trans.We sought to determine if the 27-kDain...
The interactions of Sendai virus proteins required for viral RNA synthesis have been characterized both by the yeast two-hybrid system and through the use of glutathioneS-transferase (gst)–viral fusion proteins synthesized in mammalian cells. Using the two-hybrid system we have confirmed the previously identified P–L (RNA polymerase), NP 0 -P (encapsidation substrate), and P–P complexes and...
We generated both replication-incompetent (HAd5-gD-E1 and HAd5-tgD-E1) and replication-competent (HAd5-gD-E3 and HAd5-tgD-E3) human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5) recombinants expressing the full (gD) or truncated form (tgD) of the glycoprotein gD gene of bovine herpevirus type 1 (BHV-1). Recombinant gD and tgD expressed by HAd5-gD-E1 and HAd5-gD-E3 and by HAd5-tgD-E1 and HAd5-tgD-E3, respectively, were...
A system has been designed to study thein vivoforward rate of mutation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during one round of replication. A HIV-1 shuttle vector was used that contained thelacZα peptide gene as a reporter for mutations. The forward mutation rate of HIV-1 was found to be 3 × 10 −5 mutations per target base pair per cycle, or about 20-fold lower than the error rates...
Rats experimentally infected with the neurotropic RNA virus, Borna disease virus, have a hyperactive movement disorder. Because locomotor activity is modulated by the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.) dopamine (DA) system, high-affinity DA uptake, DA D1, D2, and D3 receptor binding sites were examined in N. Acc. subregions of normal and infected rats by quantitative receptor autoradiography. The N. Acc...
The relatedness of 40 strains of Sindbis virus (SIN) from Europe, the Middle East, and Africa was investigated by limited sequencing within the gene encoding the E2 glycoprotein corresponding to amino acid residues 117 to 229 and encompassing one of the major neutralization epitopes. Phylogenetic analyses using distance matrix and parsimonious methods identified two major genetic clusters of western...
Replication of the hepadnavirus genome is catalyzed by a multifunctional reverse transcriptase (thepolprotein) that exhibits DNA polymerase and DNA priming activities and has the ability to transfer RNA and DNA strands across the viral genome. A salient feature of this enzyme is the ability to prime RNA-directed DNA synthesis with protein rather than with RNA. This is reflected in its unique physical...
We compared the efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) vectors that express a marker gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, CAT) using different promoter elements. In one vector, CAT was expressed under the control of an internal murine leukemia virus (MuLV) long terminal repeat (LTR). In other vectors, CAT production was regulated by the HIV-1 LTR; these vectors also contained the HIV-1tatgene...
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