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Because butorphanol (Stadol), a synthetic morphinan compound, has been demonstrated in our laboratories to produce physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms in rats, we have hypothesized that butorphanol has rewarding properties indicative of abuse potential. To test this hypothesis, the effects of equimolar doses of butorphanol tartrate (0.5-5.0 μg) and morphine sulfate (0.8-8.0 μg) were assessed...
To investigate G protein function during the initial state of opioid tolerance, low Km GTPase activity was measured following chronic treatment with morphine (μ agonist) and butorphanol (μδκ mixed agonist) in rats. Chronic opioid administration (20 mg/kg, IP) was performed once a day for 7 consecutive days. Under these conditions, antinociceptive tolerance to morphine but not butorphanol was developed...
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