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Influenza virus may be transmitted through the respiratory route by inhalation of an aerosol of non-sedimenting droplets, or by deposition of sedimenting droplets in the upper respiratory tract. Whichever of these is the predominant route for infection with influenza virus has been subject of continuing debate, resulting in detailed studies of aerosol versus droplet exposure. A decisive knowledge...
Responding rapidly and appropriately to a covert anthrax release is an important public health challenge. A methodology to assist the geographical targeting of such a response has recently been published; as have a number of independent studies that investigate mitigation strategies. Here, we review and combine some of these published techniques to more realistically assess how key aspects of the...
The susceptibility of the English and Welsh fish farming and fisheries industry to emergent diseases is assessed using a stochastic simulation model. The model dynamics operate on a network comprising directed transport and river contacts, as well as undirected local and fomite transmissions. The directed connections cause outward transmission risk to be geographically more confined than inward risk...
Assess influenza vaccination among commuters using mass transit in New York City (NYC).We used the 2006 NYC Community Health Survey (CHS) to analyze the prevalence of influenza immunization by commuting behaviors and to understand what socioeconomic and geographic factors may explain any differences found.Vaccination prevalence is significantly lower for New Yorkers who commute on public transportation...
HIV prevalence is low in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, though the risk or potential for further spread in the future is not well understood. Behavioral surveys are limited in this region and when available have serious limitations in assessing the risk of HIV acquisition. We demonstrate the potential use of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence as a marker for HIV risk within...
Modern advances in genetic analysis have made it feasible to ascertain the variant type of a pathogen infecting a host. Classification of pathogen variants is commonly performed by clustering analysis of the observed genetic divergence among the variants. A natural question arises whether the genetically distinct variants are epidemiologically distinct. A broader question is whether the different...
National Cattle Registers have been widely used to examine animal movements and their role in disease transmission, but less frequently for other epidemiological applications. Our study shows how routinely collected identification data can be used to evaluate the population impact of an epidemic in cattle and to derive an indirect estimate of the associated mortality. We adapted a method developed...
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