Currently, primary graft nonfunction and technical complications are responsible for a greater proportion of graft loss than rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Although the incidence of biliary complications after whole-organ transplantation has decreased, these complications remain responsible for significant morbidity, graft loss, and death. Split and living-related liver transplantation are associated with a higher incidence of biliary complications that differ in nature from those associated with whole-organ transplantation. The aims of management of biliary complications are early diagnosis and effective treatment so that their impact on final outcome is minimized. It is only by having a clear understanding of their etiology, pathogenesis, and presentation that these goals can be achieved. This report reviews the etiology and pathogenesis of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation from a cellular level to clinical presentation and management.