The layered titanate H1.07Ti1.73O4·nH2O (HTO) is a useful and unique precursor for the facile preparation of Ag@AgCl/HTO composite with enhanced visible light photoactivity. The Ag@AgCl within Ag@AgCl/HTO composite is evenly distributed on the HTO surface, and the Ag/Ti ratio can be easily controlled by ion exchange reaction. The photocatalytic experiment results show that the Ag@AgCl/HTO photocatalyst with Ag/Ti ratio of 0.13 has the highest photoactivity for the RhB degradation under visible light irradiating. The transient photocurrent responses, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectrum of samples are studied, indicating the introduction of Ag@AgCl into HTO surface can promote the separation efficiency of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs. Moreover, by means of the trapping experiment of active species, it can be concluded that h+ and O2− are the main active species during the visible light photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic mechanism is also discussed.