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The underlying principles are considered plus attractions and limitations on the practical application of three different types of longitudinal rail profile measuring equipment which can be used in a vehicle. Axlebox accelerometer systems are a good compromise for obtaining statistical profile data at line speeds. Other accelerometer-based systems are the best means of obtaining data at a few metres...
Two corrugated rail samples with different load have been investigated using a profilometer, nanoindentation technique and scanning electron microscopy. The crystal refinement and the development of the microstructure are investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Friction tests on the crests and troughs of the corrugated rail have indicated that the crests are more resistant...
Two field trials were set up during the period 1974-1984 to help understand the mechanism of formation of short pitch rail corrugation on British railways. These required the development of novel measuring equipment: a trolley profilometer and a straight edge device with microcomputer-based recording equipment. Regular monitoring was undertaken of test sections of main-line track. It was found that...
The present paper looks at the effect of sleeper separation on rail corrugation growth. The case under study involves short pitch corrugations on the low rail in sharp bends, the bends in question being those of metro-type railways in Bilbao, with the track on concrete slabs and with two resilient stages of STEDEF type. With an initial sleeper separation of 1000 mm, corrugation depths measured up...
The present paper examines a specific kind of short pitch corrugation as observed on the low rail in some of the sharp bends that form part of a specific section of a railway line in the Bilbao area. The periodic irregularity appeared spontaneously when ballasted track was replaced by STEDEF slab track and separation between sleepers was changed from 600 to 1000mm. This corrugation has an average...
This paper presents experimental study on corrugation phenomenon growing on the top surface of rail in a tight curve of track. One of the characteristics of the corrugation is to involve a slight slip, i.e. creepage, in rolling contact surfaces between rails and wheels. In order to examine the mechanism of corrugation, the authors reproduced the phenomenon in experiments. In particular they examined...
Rail roughness growth on Dutch railway tracks has been monitored since the early 1990s. On the track between Amersfoort and Baarn, significantly different levels of roughness have been detected on adjacent tangent track sections. The only obvious difference between two selected test sites located 250m apart, one with a smooth rail and one with a corrugated rail, is the rail manufacturer. Detailed...
From full-scale stand tests, commercial line experiments and numerical simulation, we found that corrugation of rail in curve section of track is formatted by stick-slip vibration between wheel and rail, which is caused by the large creepage and vertical force fluctuation on wheel/rail contact surface. On the basis of this theory, we analyzed the growing process of corrugation by numerical simulation.
In Japan, rail corrugations had not been so serious formerly, but it began to be prevailing in recent years. In order to prevent the generation of rail corrugation, many studies have been reported in the world since the end of 19th century, but theories on them have not explained the formation mechanism perfectly and no perfect countermeasures have been established so far. Thus, the studies on corrugation...
This paper presents study on short-wave rail corrugation on the sharp curve in commuter lines. It becomes a serious problem because it causes not only large noise, but also violent wheel vibration of that may damage the rail and the track sleeper. It is necessary to renewal of rail and rail re-profiling. These countermeasures need large cost. From these backgrounds, a project started to examine the...
The topography, morphology, structure and residual stress state at the surface of a rail with severe longitudinal ripples was characterized using a combination of spectrometry, microscopy, scattering and diffraction methods. The investigations reveal that white etching layers develop at the ripple hills, while the ripple valleys contain a severely plastic deformed layer. While the structure in the...
A method to predict rail corrugation is proposed. This time domain method includes three-dimensional train-track interaction and forms a basis for studies of rail corrugation both on tangent tracks and in curves. Using this method, mechanisms of rail corrugation related to the dynamics of the compound train-track system may be studied. The numerical examples, conducted for rail corrugation on tangent...
A review is presented of progress over the last decade in the understanding, measurement and treatment of corrugation. A great diversity of dynamic behaviour causes corrugation. All types of corrugation identified to date are constant frequency rather than constant wavelength phenomena. Where corrugation arises from differential wear, friction modifiers offer broad potential to reduce corrugation,...
Traction and curving are the principal causes of high tangential forces between railway rails and wheels. The magnitude and direction of these forces are calculated for equilibrium curving of a conventional two-axle bogie in curves of 600–1800m radius, both without traction and for a level of tractive effort of 0.28 times the normal load of the vehicle. For a non-powered bogie, the tangential force...
When a passenger car passes through a curved track with lateral geometry defects, the effect of the defects on the formation of curved rail corrugation is investigated with a numerical method. The numerical method of rail corrugation considers a combination of Kalker's rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a rail material wear model, and a vertical and lateral dynamics model of...
The paper presents a corrugation calculation model, which considers Kalker's non-Hertzian rolling contact theory to be modified, a material wear model and a vertical and lateral coupling dynamics of a half passenger car and a curved track. The dynamics characters of the curved track model in frequency domain were investigated by the commercial finite element code ANSYS, and some results concerning...
This paper presents a study on the influence of rail pad stiffness on rail corrugation in an underground line. The paper includes a theoretical analysis justifying the rationale behind the modification of the pad stiffness to reduce corrugation levels, as well as a set of corrugation measurement results took on a test curve section during a period 19 months. The aim of the work is to demonstrate clearly...
A multibody system model for simulation of general three-dimensional train-track interaction (accounting for frequencies up to several kHz) is used to investigate the hypothesis that rail corrugation is generated by powered wheelsets on the Swedish high-speed train X2. Part of the braking effort on the powered wheelsets is accomplished by tread braking with cast iron brake blocks. In particular, the...
The effect of sleeper pitch on the initiation and development of rail corrugation at tangent track is investigated using a numerical method in vehicle hunting. The numerical analysis considers a combination of Kalker's rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian form, linear frictional work model and the dynamics model of a half railway vehicle coupled with a tangent track. Kalker's theory is modified...
In this work the effects on rail corrugation due to the wheel/track parametric excitation is studied by combining wheel/track dynamics, contact mechanics and wear. Firstly, the wheel/track interaction due to the parametric excitation by the varying dynamic stiffness of a discrete track is studied using a low-order time-varying track model in the base of the frequency domain analysis, coupled with...
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