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Atomic force microscopy and friction force microscopy have been used to conduct microtribological studies on high-coercivity metal particle (MP), barium ferrite and metal evaporated (ME) tapes which are being developed for ultra high-density magnetic recording. Microfriction, microscratching, microwear and nanoindentation hardness of all tapes have been measured. For comparisons, macrofriction measurements...
An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the microwear process of polycarbonate (PC). Testing included multiple scratching (scan-scratching) and line-scratching using a microfabricated Si 3 N 4 AFM tip of 10-20 nm radius. Interfacial adhesion, friction, the effect of number of cycles, scratching speed and the interaction of scratches were studied. Unlike previous reports,...
To understand the material removal mechanisms on a nanoscale and at ultralow loads, a modified atomic force microscope (AFM) with a three-sided pyramidal diamond tip (~160 nm radius) was used for microwear/machining of a single crystal silicon (100) at ambient temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the material removal mechanisms change...
The boundary lubricating film in a low velocity metalworking process has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning laser microscopy (SLM). It is postulated that the workpiece surface irregularities reflect the lubricant film thickness even in boundary lubrication. A new sheet compression test was developed. This test uses a block gauge as a flattening tool and is conducted under...
An internal magnetic abrasive finishing process was proposed for producing highly finished inner surfaces of tubes used in critical applications including clean gas or liquid piping systems. Most of the previous research has explored the process characteristics and mechanism from a macroscopic point of view making use of surface roughness profiles. However, those approaches did not adequately characterize...
Topography and frictional properties of freshly cleaved surfaces of ferroelastic crystals: K 3 Na(SeO 4 ) 2 (KNSe), and NH 4 LiH 3 (SO 4 ) 4 (ALHS), and Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 (GMO) were investigated by combined scanning and friction force microscopy (FFM) under ambient and UHV conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images...
Kelvin probe microscopy has been used to detect wear precursors at ultralow loads. Samples studied include single crystal silicon (100), single crystal silicon (100) lubricated with fully bonded Z-DOL (a perfluoropolyether), gold, aluminum and alumina. The effect of load and number of cycles on surface potential change under ultralow loads has been investigated. Influence of the scan parameters and...
Multiple beam interferometry (MBI) can be used in the surface forces apparatus for in situ topographical imaging in real-time of the contact between two shearing surfaces at ultrahigh resolution in the normal direction at the same time as friction forces are measured. Simultaneous measurements were made of the friction forces between two shearing mica surfaces separated by WS 2 (inorganic)...
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings of 0.7, 1.5 and 3.0μm thickness were deposited on the titanium-alloy Ti6Al4V by a direct current discharge using benzene as gaseous precursor. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy were utilised for gaining information about the micro-structural features and the composition. Hardness measurements, scratch and simple abrasion wear...
Tribofilms formed in the rubbing surfaces are closely related to wear mechanisms and steady-state friction in sliding contacts. However, their small thickness, inhomogeneity and discontinuity are the factors that hinder the evaluation of their micromechanical properties. The phase contrast images in tapping mode atomic force microscopy allow an estimation of inhomogeneity in micromechanical properties...
Surface properties of single-crystalline and polycrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) specimens were measured using atomic force/friction force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and nano-indentation techniques. Running-in behavior during sliding tests in vacuum was studied on self-mated SiC pairs as a function of surface quality produced by machining. Tribological mechanisms were analyzed in short-time...
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, specifically so-called atomic force/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) are increasingly used for tribological studies of engineering surfaces at scales ranging from atomic and molecular to microscales. AFMs with suitable tips are being used to study microscratching, microwear and nanowear and nano/picoindentation behavior of solid surfaces and thin films...
The frictional properties of thin KCl films deposited onto clean iron are measured in ultrahigh vacuum using a tungsten carbide tribotip, where the observed initial rapid decrease in friction coefficient with film thickness is proposed to be due to the formation of a complete KCl monolayer where the friction coefficient of this film is ~0.27. A 1800Å thick KCl film shows a hardness and friction coefficient...
The morphological and material features of 10 worn ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular sockets were assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of topography, stiffness and adhesion. Six of the sockets were simulator worn, four with a physiological gait cycle and two under linear motion. The remaining four sockets were explanted cemented joints.Polishing of the UHMWPE...
A thin water film present on surfaces plays a central role in defining the micro- and nanotribological properties of a system. This paper presents a quantitative examination of the nanotribological effects of thin water films in ultra high vacuum (UHV) on OH-terminated (hydrophilic) and bare (no OH terminations, hydrophobic in vacuum) silicon oxide surfaces. Water film thickness was controlled by...
The frictional properties of cluster assembled carbon films have been investigated on nanometric scale by friction force microscopy. The experiment was performed at low loads to avoid plastic deformation and wear of materials. We found that load-dependent measurements acquired on samples with different composition present excellent agreement with the Hertzian-plus-offset model. A quantitative comparison...
The tribological properties of FeCl 2 , measured using an ultrahigh vacuum tribometer, are compared with those of KCl. The friction coefficient of an FeCl 2 film evaporated onto iron in ultrahigh vacuum decreases to ~0.08 after the deposition of a film ~40A thick. This value is in good agreement with that measured for reactively formed FeCl 2 films in a pin and v-block apparatus...
To achieve reliable replication of a flat tool surface through a metalforming process with nanometer-scale surface roughness, a wedge tool was indented and slid under a constant normal load. In a workpiece finished with abrasive paper, some of the initial valleys remain on the tested surface, though at the boundary contact area the surface roughness is as small as that of the tool. The final surface...
The recent emergence and proliferation of proximal probes, in particular scanning probe microscopies (the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope), the surface force apparatus, and of computational techniques for simulating tip-surface interactions and interfacial properties, have led to the appearance of the new field of nanotribology, which pertains to experimental and theoretical...
In this paper, lateral force microscope (LFM) is used to investigate the frictional behavior of GeSb 2 Te 4 film of 20nm thickness deposited by magnetron sputtering. The effect of relative humidity, scanning rate, scanning area on friction is concerned. The JKRS (Johnson–Kendall–Roberts) theory considering the energy of adhesion between tip and GeSb 2 Te 4 (at.%) film...
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