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Bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen has been demonstrated in humans. Three mechanisms have been suggested to explain the phenomenon: altered intestinal barrier function, bacterial overgrowth, and impaired host defense. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in intestinal barrier function assessed by measurement of intestinal permeability and morphology were associated...
A new fat emulsion of symmetrical triacylglycerols, containing only eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was developed. The effects of this preparation on serum and liver fatty acid composition were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a fat-free oral diet for 2 wk and were then divided into two groups. Seven rats were infused for 7 d with 1 mL of the new fat emulsion,...
Malassezia furfur has been shown to be capable of survival and reproduction in fat emulsions for parenteral nutrition, and this has been suggested as the source of serious systemic infections in neonatal intensive care units. Under conditions of use similar to those found in neonatal practice, the Pall TNA-1E filter was found to reliably retain this organism for up to 48 h.
Enteral diets, both elemental and, more recently, polymeric (whole protein), are used as primary therapy in Crohn s disease and can induce disease remission without the concomitant use of immunosuppressive drugs. Controlled trials comparing enteral nutrition with corticosteroid therapy have given mixed results but suggest, at least in children, that they are as effective as corticosteroids in inducing...
Dodecanedioic acid (C12) is an even-numbered dicarboxylic acid (DA). Dicarboxylic acids are water-soluble substances with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates. Previous studies showed that contrary to other DAs, very low amounts of C12 are lost with urine. The effects of 46.6 mmol of C12 intravenous infusion for 195 min on blood glucose levels were investigated in...
Nitric oxide (NO) may regulate hepatic metabolism directly by causing alterations in hepatocellular (hepatocyte and Kupffer cell) metabolism and function or indirectly as a result of its vasodilator properties. Its release from the endothelium can be elicited by numerous autacoids such as histamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adenosine, ATP, 5-HT, substance P, bradykinin, and calcitonin gene-related...
Alcohol ingestion decreases plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid oxidation. This study was conducted to determine palmitate turnover in alcoholics during a short abstinence period and after an ethanol load and in a group of nonalcoholic control subjects, looking for correlations between palmitate turnover, FFA, acetate, and acetoacetate/β hydroxybutyrate ratio (AKBR). Palmitate C 14 turnover...
The effect of energy intake provided by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on the incidence of bacterial translocation and the relationship between TPN-induced cholestasis and bacterial translocation were investigated in newborn animals. Forty-six Japanese white newborn rabbits were divided into three groups: TPN-H group (high energy TPN; 280 kcal · kg −1 · d −1 ), TPN-L group (low energy...
The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) is a potent insulin secretagogue. It has been proposed to be a novel treatment for non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Postprandial plasma GLP-1, insulin, and glucose responses were measured in six healthy volunteers in response to a solid test meal and a liquid meal of identical composition. Responses to three isocaloric soups...
Crohn’s disease is frequently complicated by protein-calorie malnutrition. Four common clinical presentations of Crohn’s disease include acute exacerbations or flares of disease, intestinal obstruction, fistulizing disease, and perianal disease. In this review, we examine the role of nutritional support in these clinical scenarios. Nutritional support is important for maintaining functional status...
A pregnant woman with transient gastric obstruction was fed by enteral nutrition alone for 11 wk and 6 d. Her body mass index of 23.2 kg/m 2 before pregnancy declined to 21.8 kg/m 2 after delivery. Although she did not gain weight during enteral nutrition, fetal growth, estimated by ultrasonography, was normal, and she delivered a 3030-g female infant at 38 wk gestation. The blood...
An in vitro model was designed to evaluate the efficacy of instilled antimicrobials to reduce or eliminate intraluminal microbial colonization. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration activity of appropriate test anti-infectives were determined using standard methodology against clinically derived and reference test strains commonly associated with catheter-related...
Physical exercise is known to induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals. This increased generation of free radicals might lead to lipid peroxidation and tissue damage, more so under deficient/impaired antioxidant states. In the present study, we report the role of vitamin E and selenium (Se) during exercise-induced oxidative stress in the pulmonary tissue. Vitamin E and/or...
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