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The abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in the surface microlayer and subsurface water as well as the rates of processes of organic matter decomposition by multi-species populations of bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton of the Southern Baltic have been determined.The number of heterotrophic bacteria in the surface microlayers was found to be 2 to 11 times greater than in the surface water.The significant differences in the rate of bacterial destruction of individual organic compounds have been shown.It has been also found out that simple organic compounds were mineralized more actively by bacterioneuston while macromolecules by planktonic bacteria.