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The second part of this paper is a description of bilingual speech recorded in three aspects, the formal, the functional, and the one relating to genre studies. As a textual phenomenon, bilingual speech is characterized by transcodic markers, the traces of encounters between two languages: the matrix language L1 and the embedded language L2. The author introduces into the text linguistic correlates...
The present paper is a reply to a polemic published by prof. Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska under the title Pies wierny, ale uciążliwy, czyli o metaforze (Leśmiana i nie tylko) (‘A dog loyal but tiresome: on metaphor in Leśmian’s poetry and beyond’), in which she critically reviews this authors book Meta foryka Leśmiana. Analiza lingwistyczna (‘Metaphors in Leśmian’s poetry (A linguistic analysis)’)....
The paper consists of three parts. The first one introduces the basic assumptions of the linguistic culture theory, the first Polish linguistic guide, as it was reconstructed on the basis of Łukasz Górnicki’s Dworzanin polski ‘The Polish courtier’ (1566). The second part discusses Górnicki’s miniature Raczył ‘He deigned’ (1598) which, too, is evidence of his interest in linguistic matters. The paper...
The paper presents a project of an acoustic data base of Mazovian dialects, and shows how modern research methods of acoustic phonetics can be employed in dialectological practice. The projected data base is going to contain objective data, independent of the researcher’s hearing, in the form of target values of the rst two formants for both stressed and unstressed oral vowels in various consonant...
The article discusses communicology, a research discipline that has been gaining increasing popularity lately, both among scholars specializing in the problems of human communication (psychologists, philosophers, linguists), and among rhetoric and auto presentation coaches and trainers. The first part of the paper presents problems related to the definition of the term communicology, and gives a wider...
The paper discusses proverbs and proverbial expressions relating to goats and rams. An analysis of the collected material has allowed the author to establish a series of common characteristics that are ascribed to animals of both sexes (to goats and rams), and of features that are only ascribed to one of them. The cultural-linguistic images of goats and rams, reconstructed based on proverbs and proverbial...
The paper is a polemical commentary on Wacław Cockiewicz’s monograph Metaforyka Leśmiana (Analiza lingwistyczna). [Metaphors in Leśmian’s poetry (A linguistic analysis)]. It is claimed that although the author of the book rejects as inadequate the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by George Lakoff and his followers, some of his tacit assumptions actually follow its premises. On the other hand,...
The paper analyses the pronunciation of the variables (tš) and (dž) in the language of rural intelligentsia of three villages near Nowy Sącz, in ocial and casual speech. The discussed variables are realized by variants which can be grouped into two categories, 1) the so-called general Polish variants ([čš], [ǯž], [dž], [ṭš], [ḍž], and 2) dialectal variants ([č] and [ǯ]) which are inconsistent with...
Based on Polish and French vocabulary, this paper proposes criteria which shall make it possible to diHerentiate between prefixoids and prefixes. Uere are three such criteria: 1. prefixoids have the capacity to become autonomous (and even to become bases in word formation), and are impossible to substitute in their semantic representation by native prefixes, or to be expanded into full lexemes; 2...
The article examines how the inclusion of a theological perspective can change the interpretation of certain provisions and linguistic phenomena. Awareness of and knowledge about the sources of Rozmyślania Przemyskie, gives us the ability to reconstruct the process of formation of mediaeval texts. Some sources of Rozmyślania, the Scripture and the writings of the Fathers of the Church, are also fundamental...
The aim of the present article is to discuss the semantic loan ciasteczko (‘cookie’) used in Polish. The new meaning of the word, modelled on English, is connected with computers and the Internet. the new legal regulations in Poland require all Polish websites to inform the Internet users about the fact that a given website uses cookies. Quotations from various Polish websites are analyzed; it is...
The Józef Mianowski Fund was a private institution that had systematically supported Polish scholars and their research since , in the period when a Polish state did not exist. In , it announced a questionnaire to determine, in the new political situation, the state and needs of various scientic disciplines studied in Poland and by Polish scholars in Europe. Collected from the answers of scholars...
The first part of the paper proposes a method of studying (or, more precisely, of recognizing) oral vowels, using the so-called relative formant frequencies. First, we describe the traditional method of acoustic study of oral vowels, together with its limitations. Next, we introduce the assumptions of the proposed method where, unlike in the traditional approach, a set of mixed models is used. The...
The article examines the methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loan words in Lithuanian. Also etymology, peculiar developments, and trends in the infiltration of these borrowings are discussed. The following conclusions are proposed based on our analysis: 1) Polonisms in Lithuanian can be divided into three groups, based on the principles of (α) establishing the primary source of the...
The paper presents the preliminary results of an object-oriented disambiguation of the French verb aller 'to go', performed for the purpose of machine translation. The Orst part introduces the theoretical foundations of the object-oriented method proposed by Wiesław Banyś, and the principles of word sense disambiguation. The second part is an analysis of the diQerent uses of the verb aller accompanied...
The article presents the results of the author’s work on Old Polish biological terms for a supplement to Słownik staropolski ‘Old Polish dictionary’. Conducting a detailed analysis of several examples (mak, nasięźrze, onica, szlam or ślam, trzystab), the paper shows the errors made by publishers in the transliteration and transcription of the said terms during the reading from mediaeval manuscripts.
The paper refers to Roman Jakobson's famous work on the bipolar nature of language, Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Distrubances. Every user of language leads a discourse, or discourses, by continuously switching between metaphor and metonymy, i.e. between imaging by similarity and focusing on contiguity. Jakobson observed that different types of aphasia are located between two polar...
The paper examines the functioning of a very numerous group of lexemes synonymous to the adjective fajny ‘such that I like (a lot)’, which can be found in the language of contemporary teenagers, e.g. fajowy, super, spoko, cool, słit (sweet), odjazdowy, wypasiony, epicki, zajebisty, zacny. It analyses the conditions and methods used to multiply this category of lexemes in the teenage slang - which...
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