The paper offers a brief general characterization of the 19th and 20th century German-language literature from Prague, whose most prominent representatives are Franz Kafka and Rainer Maria Rilke. Kafka was an exceptional case among the so-called Prague Circle in many respects while Rilke, who left Prague at a young age and – being multilingual and at the same time showing his respect for Czechs and Jews – visited many countries, can be considered the embodiment of the European character of Prague and Czechoslovakia under Tomáš Masaryk: the time of extraordinary heyday of the literature written by Czech and German Jews connected to Prague. The author of the paper describes their life experiences and presents their literary output as an inseparable part of German and Austrian literature but having its own unique character this proving that German Jewish writers from Prague have undoubtedly contributed to the flourishing of the German-language literature of the beginning of the 20th century.