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The number of coin and isolated artefacts treasures in the mo dern period (XVI–XVIII centuries) undergoes, first and foremost, stati stical and hypothetical analyses. In contrast to the early medieval period, coin tre asures found in the Polish land contain coin-shaped gold and silver bullion, bu t not gold bars, the so-called “placki” – pieces of bullion, although items of ev eryday use (trays, jugs,...
Artykuł przedstawia sposoby spędzania wolnego czasu przez szlachtę wWirginii, osiemnastowiecznej brytyjskiej kolonii w Ameryce Północnej. Koncentrując się na rozrywkach kobiet z kolonialnej elity, autor omawia znaczenie takich form zabawy, jak bale i uroczyste przyjęcia, które były ogromnie ważne w procesie kształtowania się tożsamości szlachty wirgińskiej. Towarzyszące rozrywkom wyrafinowane zachowania...
World War II was the time of anomie, the time when the worst human features were revealed. Cases in which neighbours turned into victims and executioners were not rare. Such cases also occurred in the territory of north-eastern Mazovia, among others in Wąsosz. According to various estimates from 150 to 250 Jews were killed there by their 20 to 30 neighbours. The article presents a new source of research...
Hugh S. Gibson był pierwszym przedstawicielem dyplomatycznym Stanów Zjednoczonych w Polsce po I wojnie światowej. Jako poseł kierował amerykańską placówką dyplomatyczną Warszawie w latach w latach 1919–1924. Był profesjonalistą, dobrze zorientowanym – o czym świadczą jego raporty dyplomatyczne – w realiach polityczno-gospodarczych II RP oraz Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej. Nawiązał i rozbudował kontakty...
After the attack of Germany on the Soviet Union there was a need to conduct an intensive propaganda action. The Communist International, supervised by the Soviet authority, established 16 secret national stations. One of them was the Polish language T. Kościuszko broadcasting station. It functioned in the Soviet Union from August 1941 to August 22, 1944. It broadcast for Poland, which was occupied...
During the reign of Sigismund I the Old relations between gentry and clergy were visibly tense. The main source of the conflict was the issue of a state reform suggested by chivalry. Crystalizing in the first half of the XVI century, execution movement program considerably infringed clergy’s legal and economic privileges. The reform program proposed by gentry pertained to several social, religious,...
The function of Marshal of the Sejm was transformed into an office in 1558. Marshal was responsible not only for welcoming the king and bidding farewell to him, but, above all, for supervision of works and contacts between senators and the ruler. Stanisław Sedziwój Czarnkowski – Crown referendary – was chosen Marshal during the 1569 Lublin Union Sejm. Cooperating closely with Sigismund II Augustus,...
All armies, both contemporary ones and those functioning in the past, have always functioned due to observance of inner discipline. It was also true about the Continental Army, which was created under the Continental Congress resolution of June 14, 1775. George Washington was nominated its Commander and he fulfilled this function throughout the period of the war. The aim of the first part of the article...
The article contains information about Jadwiga and Tadeusz Korzon’s personal relations and family. This analysis was conducted on the basis of the spouses’ correspondence, the historian’s autobiography and memoirs. Apart from being a basic form of communication for the spouses, a considerable number of preserved letters constitutes material for the analysis of mutual relations between them, with special...
The article shows the American South in the period of the twenty years following the Civil War, as presented in Warsaw press – both in dailies and periodicals – after the January Uprising. It is worth mentioning that historiography provides several definitions of the South. Some scholars limit it to the states which left the Union in 1861. Yet, according to a more popular view, this region includes...
W latach 1943–1945 Włochy znalazły się w stanie de facto wojny domowej i podwójnej okupacji, niemieckiej – na Północy i alianckiej – na Południu. Wbrew faszystowskiej propagandzie głoszącej przyrodzone Włochom męstwo oraz wyższość ich rasy, oznaczało to dla pokonanego narodu status pogardzanego i bezsilnego świadka triumfu alianckich armii, w pamięci zbiorowej symbolizowanych przez postać czarnoskórego...
Historia kultury prawosławnej na ziemiach dawnej Polski ukazuje mam, że na jej terenie doszło do spotkania dwóch wielkich tradycji religijno-kulturowych: wschodniej (bizantyjsko-ruskiej) i zachodniej (łacińskiej). Prawosławie było stałym elementem struktury wyznaniowej kraju, w niektórych jego regionach religią dominującą. Wschodnia tradycja chrześcijańska zakorzeniła się we wszystkich formach życia...
The article presents a relatively unknown issue of Polish-US economic cooperation i.e. Polish export to this country during Bierut’s and Gomułka’s administrations. The chronology of the article is justified by the US policy, which in the years 1945–1967 can be divided into two periods: 1945–1960 and 1961–1967. It is to be stressed that these two periods differed a lot from each other and were characterized...
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