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Human neural stem cells play an important role in in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the sensitivity of neural stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-NSC) to methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), and its dependence on the type of interaction on cell membrane/biomolecule interface. MeHgCl is well known neurotoxin with documented...
The proteasome is a main protease of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, responsible for degradation of the majority of intracellular proteins in human cells. Since the proteasome regulates so many processes, abnormalities in its functioning play a causal role in a number of diseases, including muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved...
Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus are powerful immunosuppressants used as post-operation medication after allogenic transplantations. Unfortunately, the drugs Sandimmune (cyclosporin A) and Prograf (tacrolimus) exhibit negative side effects. These side effects may be linked not only to the active ingredients themselves, but also to the vehicle used for their delivery – Cremophor EL and/or ethanol. Sandimmune,...
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model that mimics many aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic or relapsing inflammation of the central nervous system results in the destruction of myelin sheath and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of both MS and EAE. Myelin, oligodendrocytes and neurons are lost due to an inflammatory attack by leukocytes infiltrating...
The oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) are the abundant population of NG2-positive cells in the young and adult CNS. They are capable of myelinogenesis, but they are also among the first cells to react to CNS injuries. Over the last decade, these glia commited progenitors have been however the subject of intensive research in context of their assumed neural stem cell properties. In our studies we...
The neurotrophins are a family of small proteins that were first identified as survival factors for sympathetic and sensory neurons and have since been shown to control survival, development and function of neurons and myelin formation in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Prosurvival and plasticity-promoting effects of mammalian neurotrophins: NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 are mediated through...
Glutamine is involved in many metabolic pathways such as generation of amino acids, nucleotides and glutathione. Glutamine also serves in pH homeostasis, urea formation, immune response and wound healing. In addition, glutamine is considered to be the primary precursor of the fast neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system (CNS). The prevailing hypothesis of a glutamate/GABA-glutamine...
We have generated a Xenopus laevis transgenic line allowing live imaging and conditional ablation of myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout the central nervous system. In these transgenic pMBP-eGFP-NTR tadpoles the myelin basic protein regulatory sequences, specific to mature oligodendrocytes, are used to drive expression of an eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) reporter fused to the E. coli...
Neurological diseases, including intellectual disability (ID), can be caused by disturbances in epigenetic regulation of specific genes that encode proteins necessary for appropriate central nervous system functioning. The “epigenetically caused” diseases can be due to the imprinting defects formed during germinal cells development or gained throughout life as a somatic changes. They can also result...
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a structure that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by isolating it from the normal blood flow. In physiological conditions BBB prevents CNS penetration by blood-derived molecules and is a barrier for the immune system. BBB is built by tight junctions between endothelial cells of microvessels, pericytes, and astroglial end-feets. Pericytes are very important...
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), human chronic and progressive autoimmunological disease that lead to neurodegeneration in Central Nervous System (CNS). Although there are some hypothesis, like genetic, environmental or viral factors involvement, cause and patophysiology of MS remains still unknown, and that is the reason why there is no...
Because of their potential for self-renewal and the ability for generating many differentiated cell types, progenitor cells are a key player in regenerative and repair processes. In the central nervous system, pools of these cells have been identified in two regions: the subgranular zone of hippocampal gyrus dentatus and the subventricular zone. Neural stem cells that reside in these regions are subject...
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