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The relative importance of various mortality factors was studied in populations of European bison Bison bonasus, moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, and wild boar Sus scrofa in the exploited and protected parts of Białowieża Primeval Forest, eastern Poland. Data consisted of harvest quotas and records of ungulate carcasses found to have died from poaching, gun-wounds,...
Predation by wolves Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 in ungulate communities in Europe, with special reference to the multi-species system of Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland/Belarus), was assessed on the basis results of original research and literature. In historical times (post-glacial period), the geographical range of the wolf and most ungulate species in Europe decreased considerably. Community...
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