The aim of this paper is to show the various factors that led Neo-Thomists to focus on the theory of evolution. A special interpretation of evolution was proposed that was subordinated to Neo-Thomist metaphysics. This paper shows that the theory of evolution was interesting due to its scientific, theological and sociological importance. Such issues as a new concept of species, distinct from that of Aristotle and the struggle with atheism, materialism and modernism in the Roman Catholic Church contributed to the philosophical investigation of the theory of evolution. The paper also demonstrates why Neo-Thomist interpretations of evolution were not broadly accepted by scientists.