The article attempts at reconstructing an avant-garde modern Polish literary science project which took shape between 1912 and 1937 in the Warsaw-Vilnius group, as part of polemic discontinuance against, simultaneously, the positivist and the symbolist (phenomenological-hermeneutic) project. The authoress explains how difficult it was to reproduce the project in question, which is mainly owing to the fact that the basic form of activity of the First Literary Avant-garde, in Poland and in other Central/Eastern-European areas, was students' scholarly circles. It is pointed out that the novel concepts emerging in the group's teamwork established a model of literary science that was subsequently followed up in the post-war structuralist phase and has survived till this day, contrary to the opinions of some critics.