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In the gord in Kruszwica, on the settlement level from the 4th quarter of the 11th century, a piece of a large bead was discovered. It was made of black and purple glass, decorated with a set glass thread and small buttons with the (floral) millefiori ornament. It was made of glass, the “ash” variety of the Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type (the grains) and the Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-PbO-SiO2 type...
The article presents the transformation of stronghold in Poland in the 12th and 13th centuries. By providing the examples of Kruszwica (Kuyavia) and Ląd (Wielkopolska), attention has been drawn to the fact that, despite the collapse of the strongholds around which gords were once organised, they could continue development and remain political, societal, religious, economic and cultural centres. They...
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