Over the last three decades the role of social values in science has been the topic issue in the disputes of the philosophers of science against the representatives of science studies. Due to the key status of sciences in developed countries and societies it is necessary, so the authoress, not only to acknowledge, that cognitive and epistemic practices have their social dimensions, but also to make the practices of the research communities themselves open for critical examination from different perspectives. In the paper (originally delivered as a lecture at Comenius University) the authoress presents her own theory of the critical contextual empiricism, comparing it with the approach of the American philosopher Philip Kitcher.