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Summary In order to explore the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema, male Wistar rats were randomized into group A1, group A2.5 and group A4, each with smoke exposure for 1 month, 2.5 months or 4 months, respectively. Group B1, group B2.5 and group B4 were used as non smoking controls at corresponding time...
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